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Maneviyat Bir Zekâ mıdır? Güdülenme, Biliş ve Nihaî İlgi Psikolojisi

Year 2008, Issue: 35, 133 - 158, 05.03.2014

Abstract

Bu makale, maneviyatı (spirituality) bir zekâ biçimi olarak incelemektedir. İnsanlara gündelik
hayatlarında problemleri çözme ve amaçlara ulaşma imkânı sağlayan birtakım yetenek ve marifetler
maneviyatın kanıtı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Manevî zekânın beş unsuru şu şekilde tanımlanmıştır:
(a) Aşkın/müteâl için kapasite; (b) yüksek manevî bilinç durumlarına girme yeteneği;
(c) günlük faaliyet, olay ve ilişkileri bir kutsal duygusu ile kuşatma yeteneği; (d) hayat meselelerini
çözmek için manevî kaynaklardan yararlanma yeteneği; (e) erdemli davranma ya da erdemli
olma (affetme, şükran duyma, mütevazi olma, şefkat gösterme vb.) yeteneği. Maneviyatın bir zekâ
için gereken ölçütleri karşıladığına ilişkin kanıtlar gözden geçirilmiştir. Maneviyatın bir zekâ çatısı
dahilinde incelenmesinin îmâları tartışılmıştır.

References

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  • Apter, M. J. (1985). Religious states of mind: A reversal theory interpretation. In L. B. Brown (Ed.), Advances in the psychology of religion (pp. 62–75). Oxford, NY: Pergamon.
  • Austin, R. W. J. (1980). Ibn Al-’Arabi: The bezels of wisdom. New York: Paulist Press.
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Exline, J. J. (1999). Virtue, personality, and social relations: Self-control as the moral muscle. Journal of Personality, 67, 1165–1194.
  • Bowker, J. W. (1976). Information process, systems behavior, and the study of religion. Zygon, 11, 361–379.
  • Bracke, P. E., & Thoresen, C. E. (1996). Reducing Type A behavior patterns: A structured-group approach. In R. Allan & S. S. Scheidt (Eds.), Heart & mind: The practice of cardiac psychology (pp. 255–290). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Brand, J. L. (1997). Challenges for a Christian psychology from cognitive science. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 16, 233–246.
  • Bregman, L., & Thierman, S. (1995). First person mortal: Personal narratives of illness, dying, and grief. New York: Paragon.
  • Bridges, C. M., Ware, W. B., Brown, B. B., & Greenwood, G. (1971). Characteristics of the best and worst college teachers. Science Education, 55, 545–553.
  • Brown, W. S. (1998). Cognitive contributions to soul. In N. Murphy&W. S. Brown (Eds.), Portraits of human nature (pp. 99–125). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress.
  • Chiu, C., Hong, Y.,&Dweck, C. S. (1994). Toward an integrative model of personal- ity and intelligence: Ageneral framework and some preliminary steps. In R. J. Sternberg&P. Ruzgis (Eds.), Personality and intelligence (pp. 104–134). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, A. T. (1992). Humility. In D. H. Ludlow (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism (pp. 663–664). New York: Macmillan.
  • Colby, A., & Damon, W. (1992). Some do care: Contemporary lives of moral commit- ment. New York: Free Press. d’Aquili, E. G.,&Newberg, A. B. (1998). The neuropsychological basis of religion, or why God won’t go away. Zygon, 33, 187–202.
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  • D’Onofrio, B. M., Eaves, L. J., Murrelle, L., Maes, H. H.,&Spilka, B. (1999). Under- standing biological and social influences on religious affiliation, attitudes, and behaviors: A behavior–genetic perspective. Journal of Personality, 67, 953– 984.
  • Dweck, C. S. (1990). Self-theories and goals: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 199–235). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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  • Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, L. J., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A., & Saunders, C. (1988). Towards a humanistic–phenomenological spirituality: Definition, description, and measurement. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28, 5–18.
  • Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1058–1068.
  • Emmons, R. A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford.
  • Emmons, R. A., Cheung, C.,&Tehrani, K. (1998). Assessing spirituality through personal goals: Implications for research on religion and subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 45, 391–422.
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  • Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1999). Toward an evolutionary psychology of religion and perso- nality. Journal of Personality, 67, 921–952.
  • Kwilecki, S. (1988). A scientific approach to religious development: Proposals and a case illustration. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 307–325.
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Sprin- ger.
  • Levenson, M. R.,&Crumpler, C. (1996). Three models of adult development. Hu- man Development, 39, 135–149.
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Year 2008, Issue: 35, 133 - 158, 05.03.2014

Abstract

References

  • Allport, G. W. (1950). The individual and his religion. New York: Macmillan.
  • Apter, M. J. (1985). Religious states of mind: A reversal theory interpretation. In L. B. Brown (Ed.), Advances in the psychology of religion (pp. 62–75). Oxford, NY: Pergamon.
  • Austin, R. W. J. (1980). Ibn Al-’Arabi: The bezels of wisdom. New York: Paulist Press.
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Exline, J. J. (1999). Virtue, personality, and social relations: Self-control as the moral muscle. Journal of Personality, 67, 1165–1194.
  • Bowker, J. W. (1976). Information process, systems behavior, and the study of religion. Zygon, 11, 361–379.
  • Bracke, P. E., & Thoresen, C. E. (1996). Reducing Type A behavior patterns: A structured-group approach. In R. Allan & S. S. Scheidt (Eds.), Heart & mind: The practice of cardiac psychology (pp. 255–290). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Brand, J. L. (1997). Challenges for a Christian psychology from cognitive science. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 16, 233–246.
  • Bregman, L., & Thierman, S. (1995). First person mortal: Personal narratives of illness, dying, and grief. New York: Paragon.
  • Bridges, C. M., Ware, W. B., Brown, B. B., & Greenwood, G. (1971). Characteristics of the best and worst college teachers. Science Education, 55, 545–553.
  • Brown, W. S. (1998). Cognitive contributions to soul. In N. Murphy&W. S. Brown (Eds.), Portraits of human nature (pp. 99–125). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress.
  • Chiu, C., Hong, Y.,&Dweck, C. S. (1994). Toward an integrative model of personal- ity and intelligence: Ageneral framework and some preliminary steps. In R. J. Sternberg&P. Ruzgis (Eds.), Personality and intelligence (pp. 104–134). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, A. T. (1992). Humility. In D. H. Ludlow (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism (pp. 663–664). New York: Macmillan.
  • Colby, A., & Damon, W. (1992). Some do care: Contemporary lives of moral commit- ment. New York: Free Press. d’Aquili, E. G.,&Newberg, A. B. (1998). The neuropsychological basis of religion, or why God won’t go away. Zygon, 33, 187–202.
  • Davidson, J. C., & Caddell, D. P. (1994). Religion and the meaning of work. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33, 135–147.
  • Dollahite, D. C. (1998). Faith, fathering, and spirituality. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 7, 3–15.
  • D’Onofrio, B. M., Eaves, L. J., Murrelle, L., Maes, H. H.,&Spilka, B. (1999). Under- standing biological and social influences on religious affiliation, attitudes, and behaviors: A behavior–genetic perspective. Journal of Personality, 67, 953– 984.
  • Dweck, C. S. (1990). Self-theories and goals: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 199–235). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Ehrenberg, M. F., Hunter, M. A., & Elterman, M. F. (1996). Shared parenting agreements after marital separation: The roles of empathy and narcissism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 808–818.
  • Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, L. J., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A., & Saunders, C. (1988). Towards a humanistic–phenomenological spirituality: Definition, description, and measurement. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28, 5–18.
  • Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1058–1068.
  • Emmons, R. A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford.
  • Emmons, R. A., Cheung, C.,&Tehrani, K. (1998). Assessing spirituality through personal goals: Implications for research on religion and subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 45, 391–422.
  • Emmons, R. A.,&King, L. A. (1988). Conflict among personal strivings: Immediate and long-term implications for psychological and physical well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1040–1048.
  • Epstein, S. (1993). You’re smarter than you think: How to develop your practical intelli- gence for success in living. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Ford, M. E. (1994). A living systems approach to the integration of personality and intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg & P. Ruzgis (Eds.), Personality and intelligence (pp. 188–217). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Foster, R. J. (1992). Prayer: Finding the heart’s true home. San Francisco: HarperCol- lins.
  • Fowler, J. W. (1981). Stages of faith: The psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. New York: HarperCollins.
  • Fox, S. A., Pitkin, K., Paul, C., Carson, S.,&Duan, N. (1998). Breast cancer screen- ing adherence: Does church attendance matter? Health Education and Beha- vior, 25, 742–758.
  • Francis, L. J. (1998). The relationship between intelligence and religiosity among 15–16 year-olds. Mental Health, Religion, & Culture, 1, 185–196.
  • Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
  • Gardner, H. (1995, November). Reflections on multiple intelligences: Myths and messages. Phi Delta Kappan, 204–207.
  • Gardner, H. (1996, November). Probing more deeply into the theory of multiple intelligences. NASSP Bulletin, 1–7.
  • Gardner, H. (1997). Extraordinary minds. New York: Basic Books.
  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1984). Measurement: The boon and bane of investigating religion. American Psychologist, 39, 228–236.
  • Haslam, N., & Baron, J. (1994). Intelligence, prudence, and personality. In R. J. Sternberg & P. Ruzgis (Eds.), Personality and intelligence (pp. 32–58). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hefner, P. (1993). The human factor. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress.
  • Heschel, A. (1955).Godin search of man: Aphilosophy of Judaism.NewYork: Farrar, Straus&Cudahy.
  • Hood, R. W., Jr., Spilka, B., Gorsuch, R.,&Hunsberger, B. (1996). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
  • Hudson, H. (Director). (1981). Chariots of fire. [Film]. (Available from Warner Home Video)
  • Jeeves, M. A. (1998). Brain, mind, and behavior. In N. Murphy&W. S. Brown, (Eds.), Portraits of human nature (pp. 73–98). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress.
  • Jockin, V., McGue, M.,&Lykken, D. T. (1996). Personality and divorce:Agenetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 288–299.
  • Karoly, P. (1994). Enlarging the scope of the compliance construct: Toward deve- lopmental and motivational relevance. In N. A. Krasnegor, L. H. Epstein, S. B. Johnson,&S. J. Yaffe (Eds.), Developmental aspects of health care compliance (pp. 11–27). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1999). Toward an evolutionary psychology of religion and perso- nality. Journal of Personality, 67, 921–952.
  • Kwilecki, S. (1988). A scientific approach to religious development: Proposals and a case illustration. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 307–325.
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Sprin- ger.
  • Levenson, M. R.,&Crumpler, C. (1996). Three models of adult development. Hu- man Development, 39, 135–149.
  • Lickona, T. (1991). Educating for character: How our schools can teach respect and responsibility. New York: Bantam.
  • Lykken, D. T.,&Tellegen, A. (1996). Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. Psycho- logical Science, 7, 186–189.
  • Mahoney, A., Pargament, K. I., Jewell, T., Swank, A. B., Scott, E., Emery, E., & Rye, M. (1999). Marriage and the spiritual realm: The roles of proximal and distal religious constructs in marital functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 13, 321–338.
  • Marsden, G. M. (1997). The outrageous idea of Christian scholarship. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • May, R. (Ed.). (1960). Symbolism in religion and literature. New York: Braziller.
  • Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D.,&Salovey, P. (2000). Competing models of emotional intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The Handbook of intelligence (pp. 396– 420). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mayer, J. D., & Mitchell, D. C. (1997). Intelligence as a subsystem of personality: From Spearman’s G to contemporary models of hot processsing. In W. Tomic & J. Kingma (Eds.), Reflections on the concept of intelligence. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
  • Mayer, J. D.,&Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey&D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence (pp. 3–31). New York: Basic Books.
  • McClennon, J. (1997). Shamanic healing, human evolution, and the origin of religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36, 345–354.
  • McFadden, S. H. (1999). Religion, personality, and aging:Alife span perspective. Journal of Personality, 67, 1081–1104.
  • Monk, R. C., Hofheinz, W. C., Lawrence, K. T., Stamey, J. D., Affleck, B.,&Yamamori, T. (1998). Exploring religious meaning (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Murphy, M. (1972). Golf in the kingdom. New York: Dell.
  • Naguib, S. M., Geiser, P. B.,&Comstock, G. W. (1968). Responses to a program of screening for cervical cancer. Public Health Reports, 83, 990–998.
  • Nasr, S. (1964). Ibn ’Arabi and the Sufis. In Three Muslim sages (pp. 83–121). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. T., Jr., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., Halpern, D. F., Loehlin, J. C., Perloff, R., Sternberg, R. J.,&Urbina, A. (1996). Intelligence: Known and unknowns. American Psychologist, 51, 77– 101.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Robert Emmons This is me

Ali Mehmedoğlu

Fatma Şengül This is me

Publication Date March 5, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2008 Issue: 35

Cite

Chicago Emmons, Robert, Ali Mehmedoğlu, and Fatma Şengül. “Maneviyat Bir Zekâ mıdır? Güdülenme, Biliş Ve Nihaî İlgi Psikolojisi”. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, no. 35 (March 2014): 133-58. https://doi.org/10.15370/muifd.85205.

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