Araştırma Makalesi
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Post-Disaster Secondary Traumatic Stress and Religious Coping: The Case of Kahra-manmaraş Earthquake

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 80 - 100, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1280604

Öz

It is expected that some physical and psychological negative effects are seen in individuals who are exposed to traumatic life events such as disasters. However, disasters can also have some effects on individuals who are not directly exposed to the event. Especially in health, media, and search and rescue groups that serve victims of trauma, those who follow the effects of the disaster through the media, those who think they have similarities with the victims and identify with them, the seconder symptoms similar to the psychological effects seen in victims of trauma can be expected. Turkey and the world awoke on the morning of February 6, 2023, to the news of a major disaster with shocking and devastating effects. Two major earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş and Pazarcık directly affected 11 provinces and the inhabitants in a wide area, causing great losses. From the first hours of the disaster, all people of the country and citizens living outside the country followed the media intensively to get news from the earthquake area. The aim of this study is to (I) examine the first psychological effects of two recent major earthquake events in 11 provinces of Turkey on individuals who are not directly exposed to the disaster and followed the events through the media and (II) the methods used to cope with these effects and determining the place of religious coping among the methods of coping. The data collection process was started on the 40th day of the disaster and completed within 6 days to determine the disaster's first effects while it was still fresh in the memory. Inclusion criteria in the data collection process were listed as being 18 years old and over, being a citizen of the Republic of Turkey, not personally experiencing the February 6 earthquake, and following it from the media. In the study, 75 people were reached from online platforms with a structured interview form from qualitative research methods, "What are the negative effects of the earthquake disaster on your feelings and thoughts?" and “What did you do to cope with the negative effects of the disaster?” questions were answered. Participants were 50 women and 25 men between the ages of 21 and 65, living in Ankara, Istanbul, Kırklareli, Çorum, Konya, Eskişehir, Afyon, Bursa, Kocaeli, Aydın, Kastamonu, Isparta, İzmir, Berlin, and Tilburg, outside the region where the disaster took place. The data were analyzed by thematic analysis, which requires a rigorous process. The two main themes determined as a result of the research are; the effects on psychological health and coping strategies. Under the theme of effects on psychological health; sub-themes of secondary traumatic stress reactions, grief reactions, and categories related to these sub-themes were reached. In the theme of coping strategies; sub-themes of self-help, religious coping, prosocial behavior, and categories related to these sub-themes were reached. The categories determined under the sub-theme of secondary traumatic stress reactions were excessive thinking, negative beliefs about the future, blaming oneself or others, negative mood (anxiety-fear-panic-stress-desperation-feeling of inadequacy-extreme empathy), survival guilt, hyperarousal, sleep disturbance/nightmares, meaninglessness and break from routine; The categories determined under the sub-theme of grief reactions are shock/denial, feeling angry and guilty, and intense grief. Under the theme of coping strategies, under the sub-theme of self-help; to engage in occupations, receive social support, stay away from earthquake news, gain awareness of earthquakes, and take precautions; on the other hand, under the sub-theme of positive religious coping, the categories of praying, turning to worship, penitence/thankfulness/trust in God, and obtaining religious knowledge were reached. It was seen that the coping method that the participants mostly used in the coping process was positive religious coping, followed by prosocial behaviors and self-help behaviors. The findings were evaluated in light of the literature.

Kaynakça

  • Abanoz, Süleyman. “Türkiye’de Yapılan ‘Dinî Başa Çıkma’ Konulu Araştırmalar Hakkında bir Değerlendirme”. Eskiyeni 40 (2020), 407-429.
  • Algozzine, Bob- Hancock, Dawson. Doing Case Study Research: A Practical Guide For Beginning Researchers. Teachers College Press, 2017.
  • Ayten, Ali-Sağır, Zeynep. “Dindarlık, Dinî Başa Çıkma ve Depresyon İlişkisi: Suriyeli Sığınmacılar Üzerine bir Araştırma”. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 47/47 (2014), 5-18.
  • Ayten, Ali. Tanrı’ya Sığınmak: Dinî Başa Çıkma Üzerine Psiko-Sosyal bir Araştırma. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2012.
  • Bala, Merve Beyza. Deprem Yaşayan Bireylerde Dini Başa Çıkma (2011 Van Depremi Örneği). Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2021.
  • Berinato, Scott. "That Discomfort you’re Feeling is Grief". Harvard Business Review 23/03 (2020), 2020.
  • Beyerlein, Kraig - Sikkink, David. "Sorrow And Solidarity: Why Americans Volunteered For 9/11 Relief Efforts". Social Problems 55/2 (2008), 190-215.
  • Biringer, Eva vd. "Coping with Mental Health İssues: Subjective Experiences of Self-Help and Helpful Contextual Factors at the Start of Mental Health Treatment". Journal of Mental Health 25/1 (2016), 23-27.
  • Borg, Marit- Davidson, Larry. "The Nature of Recovery as Lived in Everyday Experience". Journal of Mental Health 17/2 (2008), 129-140.
  • Carmassi, Claudia vd. "New DSM-5 PTSD Guilt and Shame Symptoms Among Italian Earthquake Survivors: Impact on Maladaptive Behaviors". Psychiatry Research 251 (2017), 142-147.
  • Chan, Cecilia L. vd. “Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Among Bereaved and Non-Bereaved Survivors Following the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake”. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 26 (2012), 673–679.
  • Chater, Angel M. "Let’s Talk About Death Openly”. The Psychologist 33 (2020), 23–25.
  • Chochinov, Harvey Max. "Global Sorrow Following Catastrophic Loss". Journal of Palliative Care 21/3 (2005), 136-138.
  • CNNTÜRK, “60. Gün! Depremde Ölü Sayısı Ne Kadar Oldu, Güncel Yaralı Sayısı Kaç? Hangi İlde Kaç Bina Yıkıldı, Kaç Kişi Öldü?” (Erişim 8 Nisan 2023),1. https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/54-gun-depremde-olu-sayisi-ne-kadar- oldu-guncel-yarali-sayisi-kac-hangi-ilde-kac-bina-yikildi-kac-kisi-oldu
  • Comstock, Casey - Platania, Judith. "The Role of Media-Induced Secondary Traumatic Stress on Perceptions of Distress". American International Journal of Social Science 16/1 (2017), 1-10.
  • Creswell, John W.- Poth, Cheryl N. Qualitative İnquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. LA: SAGE Publications, 2018.
  • Davidson, Larry vd. "Play, Pleasure, and Other Positive Life Events:“Non—Specific” Factors in Recovery from Mental Illness?". Psychiatry 69/2 (2006), 151-163.
  • Dixon, Penny vd. "Peripheral Victims of the Herald of Free Enterprise Disaster". British Journal of Medical Psychology 66/2 (1993), 193-202.
  • Eisma, Maarten C. vd. "Complicated Grief and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptom Profiles in Bereaved Earthquake Survivors: A Latent Class Analysis". European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10/1 (2019), 1558707.
  • Eränen, Liisa- Liebkind, Karmela. "Coping With Disaster: The Helping Behavior of Communities and Individuals". International Handbook Of Traumatic Stress Syndromes (1993), 957-964.
  • Feder, Adriana vd. "Coping and PTSD Symptoms in Pakistani Earthquake Survivors: Purpose in Life, Religious Coping and Social Support". Journal of Affective Disorders 147/1-3 (2013), 156-163.
  • Figley, Charles R. Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Those Who Treat the Traumatized. New York: Brunner-Routledge, 1995.
  • Gates, Donna M.- Gillespie, Gordon L. "Secondary Traumatic Stress in Nurses Who Care for Traumatized Women". Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 37/2 (2008), 243-249.
  • Goenjian, Armen K. vd. “Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence”. The American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000), 911–916.
  • Gökçe, Gözde- Yılmaz, Banu. "Afetlerde Yardım Çalışanları: İkincil Travmatik Stres ve Başa Çıkma". Türkiye Klinikleri Psychology-Special Topics 2/3 (2017), 198-204.
  • Holmes, Megan R. vd. "Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Posttraumatic Stress, Grief, Burnout, and Secondary Trauma of Social Workers in the United States". Clinical Social Work Journal (2021), 1-10.
  • Hyder, Shadan. "COVID-19 and Collective Grief". Child & Youth Services 41/3 (2020), 269-270.
  • Køster, Allan-Kofod, Ester H. (eds). Cultural, Existential, and Phenomenological Dimensions of Grief Experience. Routledge, 2021.
  • Kula, Naci. “Deprem ve Dini Başa Çıkma”. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1/1, 234-255.
  • Mayes, Debbie. "Self-help: Helping Myself Towards Recovery". Journal of Mental Health 20/6 (2011), 580-582.
  • Naturale, April. "Secondary Traumatic Stress in Social Workers Responding to Disasters: Reports From the Field". Clinical Social Work Journal 35 (2007), 173-181.
  • Norris, Fran vd. “60,000 Disaster Victims Speak: Part I. An Empirical Review Of The Empirical Literature, 1981–2001”. Psychiatry 65 (2002), 207–239.
  • NTV. “Son Dakika Haberi: Deprem Nedeniyle 7 Günlük Milli Yas İlan Edildi.” (Erişim: 8 Nisan 2023),1. https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/son-dakika-haberi-deprem-nedeniyle-7-gunluk-milli-yas-ilan-edildi,4PORZ__9sUWYrgupwOjG8w
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. “The Religious Dimension of Coping: Advances in Theory, Research, and Practice”. Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. eds. Raymond F. Paloutzian - Crystal L. Park. 482-483. New York: The Guilford. Press, 2005.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. vd. “God help me:(I): Religious Coping Efforts as Predictors of the Outcomes to Significant Negative Life Events”. American Journal of Community Psychology 18 (1990), 793-824.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. vd. “The Many Methods of Religious Coping: Development and Initial Validation of the RCOPE”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56/4 (2000), 519-543.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I.- Abu Raiya, Hisham. "A Decade of Research on the Psychology of Religion a Coping: Things We Assumed and Lessons We Learned". Psyke & Logos 28/2 (2007), 25-25.
  • Roussos, Alexandra vd. "Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Reactions Among Children and Adolescents After the 1999 Earthquake in Ano Liosia, Greece". American Journal of Psychiatry 162/3 (2005), 530-537.
  • Sağıroğlu, Ali Zafer vd. Deprem Sonrası Göç ve İnsan Hareketlilikleri: Durum Değerlendirme Raporu. AYBÜ-GPM, 2023.
  • Schlenger, William E. vd. "Psychological Reactions To Terrorist Attacks: Findings From the National Study of Americans' Reactions to September 11". Jama 288/5 (2002), 581-588.
  • Schrank, Beate vd. "Determinants, Self-Management Strategies and İnterventions for Hope in People With Mental Disorders: Systematic Search and Narrative Review". Social Science & Medicine 74/4 (2012), 554-564.
  • Schuster, Mark A. vd. “A National Survey of Stress Reactions After the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks”. New England Journal of Medicine 345/20 (2001), 1507-1512.
  • Siegfried, Christine B. Child Welfare Work and Secondary Traumatic Stress. Child Welfare Trauma Training Toolkit: Secondary Traumatic Stress. PDF: The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Module 6, 2008. https://cascw.umn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/CW-SecondaryTraumaticStress.pdf
  • Thoits, Peggy A. "Social Support as Coping Assistance". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54/4 (1986), 416.
  • Valent, Paul. "Survival Strategies: A Framework for Understanding Secondary Traumatic Stress and Coping in Helpers". Compassion Fatigue. ed. Charles R. Figley. 21-50. Routledge, 2013.
  • Yacoubian, Viken V.- Hacker, Frederick J. “Reactions to Disaster at a Distance: The First Week After the Earthquake in Soviet Armenia”. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 53/4 (1989), 331.
  • Yıldırım, Murat vd., "Meaning in Life, Religious Coping, and Loneliness During the Coronavirus Health Crisis in Turkey". Journal of Religion and Health, (2021), 1-15.

Afet Sonrası İkincil Travmatik Stres ve Dini Başa Çıkma: Kahramanmaraş Depremi Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 80 - 100, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1280604

Öz

Afetler gibi travmatik yaşam olaylarına maruz kalan bireylerde fiziksel ve psikolojik bazı olumsuz etkilerin görülmesi beklendik bir durumdur. Ancak afetlerin, olaya doğrudan maruz kalmayan bireyler üzerinde de birtakım etkileri olabilir. Bilhassa travmanın mağdurlarına hizmet veren sağlık, medya, arama kurtarma gibi meslek gruplarında, afetin etkilerini medya yoluyla takip edenlerde, mağdurlarla benzerliklere sahip olduklarını düşünen ve özdeşim kuranlarda, travmanın mağdurlarında görülen etkilere benzer ikincil belirtilerin ortaya çıkması beklenebilir. Türkiye ve Dünya, 6 Şubat 2023 sabahına sarsıcı ve yıkıcı etkileri olan büyük bir afet haberiyle uyanmıştır. Kahramanmaraş ve Pazarcık merkezli iki büyük deprem, geniş bir alanda 11 ili ve içinde yaşayanları doğrudan etkilemiş, büyük kayıplara yol açmıştır. Afetin ilk saatlerinden itibaren tüm ülke insanları ve ülke dışında yaşayan vatandaşlar, deprem bölgesinden haber alabilmek için medyayı yoğun biçimde takip etmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, (I)Türkiye’nin 11 ilinde yakın zamanda yaşanan iki büyük deprem olayının, afete doğrudan maruz kalmayan, yaşananları medya yoluyla takip eden bireyler üzerindeki ilk psikolojik etkilerini incelemek ve (II) bu etkilerle başa çıkmada başvurulan yöntemleri belirleyerek, bu başa çıkma yöntemleri arasında dini başa çıkmanın yerini belirlemektir. Veri toplama süreci, afetin ilk etkilerini henüz bellekte taze iken belirleyebilmek amacıyla afetin 40. günü itibariyle başlatılmış ve 6 gün içinde tamamlanmıştır. Veri toplama sürecinde dahil etme kriterleri 18 yaş ve üzeri olmak, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı olmak, 6 Şubat deprem olayını bizzat yaşamamış ve medyadan takip etmiş olmak olarak sıralanmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile online platformlardan ulaşılan 75 kişiden “Yaşanan deprem afetinin duygu ve düşüncelerinizde oluşturduğu olumsuz etkiler nelerdir?” ve “Yaşanan afetin olumsuz etkileriyle baş etmek için neler yaptınız?” sorularına cevap alınmıştır. Katılımcılar afetin yaşandığı bölgenin dışında, Ankara, İstanbul, Kırklareli, Çorum, Konya, Eskişehir, Afyon, Bursa, Kocaeli, Aydın, Kastamonu, Isparta, İzmir, Berlin ve Tilburg’da yaşamakta olan, 21-65 yaş aralığında Türkiye vatandaşı 50 kadın ve 25 erkekten oluşmaktadır. Veriler titiz bir süreç gerektiren tematik analizle incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucu belirlenen iki ana tema; psikolojik sağlık üzerindeki etkiler ve başa çıkma stratejileridir. Psikolojik sağlık üzerindeki etkiler teması altında; ikincil travmatik stres tepkileri ve yas tepkileri alt temalarına ve bu alt temalarla ilişkili kategorilere ulaşılmıştır. Başa çıkma stratejileri temasında ise; kendine yardım, olumlu dini başa çıkma, prososyal davranışlarda bulunma alt temalarına ve bu alt temalarla ilişkili kategorilere ulaşılmıştır. İkincil travmatik stres tepkileri alt teması altında belirlenen kategoriler, aşırı düşünme, gelecekle ilgili olumsuz inançlar, kendini ya da başkalarını suçlama, olumsuz duygu durum (kaygı-korku-panik-stres-donukluk hissi-çaresizlik yetersizlik hissi-aşırı empati), hayatta kalma suçluluğu, aşırı uyarılma, uyku bozukluğu/kabuslar, anlamsızlık ve rutinden kopma; yas tepkileri alt teması altında belirlenen kategoriler şok/inkâr, öfke duyma ve suçlu arama, yoğun kederdir. Başa çıkma stratejileri teması altında, kendine yardım alt temasında; meşguliyetlere yönelmek, sosyal destek almak, deprem haberlerinden uzak durmak, deprem farkındalığı kazanmak ve önlem almak kategorilerine; olumlu dini başa çıkma alt temasında ise dua etmek, ibadete yönelmek, tövbe/şükür/tevekkül etmek ve dini bilgi edinmek kategorilerine ulaşılmıştır. Katılımcıların başa çıkma sürecinde yoğunlukla başvurdukları başa çıkma yönteminin olumlu dini başa çıkma olduğu, bunu prososyal davranışlarda bulunma ve kendine yardım davranışlarının takip ettiği görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular literatür ışığında değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abanoz, Süleyman. “Türkiye’de Yapılan ‘Dinî Başa Çıkma’ Konulu Araştırmalar Hakkında bir Değerlendirme”. Eskiyeni 40 (2020), 407-429.
  • Algozzine, Bob- Hancock, Dawson. Doing Case Study Research: A Practical Guide For Beginning Researchers. Teachers College Press, 2017.
  • Ayten, Ali-Sağır, Zeynep. “Dindarlık, Dinî Başa Çıkma ve Depresyon İlişkisi: Suriyeli Sığınmacılar Üzerine bir Araştırma”. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 47/47 (2014), 5-18.
  • Ayten, Ali. Tanrı’ya Sığınmak: Dinî Başa Çıkma Üzerine Psiko-Sosyal bir Araştırma. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2012.
  • Bala, Merve Beyza. Deprem Yaşayan Bireylerde Dini Başa Çıkma (2011 Van Depremi Örneği). Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2021.
  • Berinato, Scott. "That Discomfort you’re Feeling is Grief". Harvard Business Review 23/03 (2020), 2020.
  • Beyerlein, Kraig - Sikkink, David. "Sorrow And Solidarity: Why Americans Volunteered For 9/11 Relief Efforts". Social Problems 55/2 (2008), 190-215.
  • Biringer, Eva vd. "Coping with Mental Health İssues: Subjective Experiences of Self-Help and Helpful Contextual Factors at the Start of Mental Health Treatment". Journal of Mental Health 25/1 (2016), 23-27.
  • Borg, Marit- Davidson, Larry. "The Nature of Recovery as Lived in Everyday Experience". Journal of Mental Health 17/2 (2008), 129-140.
  • Carmassi, Claudia vd. "New DSM-5 PTSD Guilt and Shame Symptoms Among Italian Earthquake Survivors: Impact on Maladaptive Behaviors". Psychiatry Research 251 (2017), 142-147.
  • Chan, Cecilia L. vd. “Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Among Bereaved and Non-Bereaved Survivors Following the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake”. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 26 (2012), 673–679.
  • Chater, Angel M. "Let’s Talk About Death Openly”. The Psychologist 33 (2020), 23–25.
  • Chochinov, Harvey Max. "Global Sorrow Following Catastrophic Loss". Journal of Palliative Care 21/3 (2005), 136-138.
  • CNNTÜRK, “60. Gün! Depremde Ölü Sayısı Ne Kadar Oldu, Güncel Yaralı Sayısı Kaç? Hangi İlde Kaç Bina Yıkıldı, Kaç Kişi Öldü?” (Erişim 8 Nisan 2023),1. https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/54-gun-depremde-olu-sayisi-ne-kadar- oldu-guncel-yarali-sayisi-kac-hangi-ilde-kac-bina-yikildi-kac-kisi-oldu
  • Comstock, Casey - Platania, Judith. "The Role of Media-Induced Secondary Traumatic Stress on Perceptions of Distress". American International Journal of Social Science 16/1 (2017), 1-10.
  • Creswell, John W.- Poth, Cheryl N. Qualitative İnquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. LA: SAGE Publications, 2018.
  • Davidson, Larry vd. "Play, Pleasure, and Other Positive Life Events:“Non—Specific” Factors in Recovery from Mental Illness?". Psychiatry 69/2 (2006), 151-163.
  • Dixon, Penny vd. "Peripheral Victims of the Herald of Free Enterprise Disaster". British Journal of Medical Psychology 66/2 (1993), 193-202.
  • Eisma, Maarten C. vd. "Complicated Grief and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptom Profiles in Bereaved Earthquake Survivors: A Latent Class Analysis". European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10/1 (2019), 1558707.
  • Eränen, Liisa- Liebkind, Karmela. "Coping With Disaster: The Helping Behavior of Communities and Individuals". International Handbook Of Traumatic Stress Syndromes (1993), 957-964.
  • Feder, Adriana vd. "Coping and PTSD Symptoms in Pakistani Earthquake Survivors: Purpose in Life, Religious Coping and Social Support". Journal of Affective Disorders 147/1-3 (2013), 156-163.
  • Figley, Charles R. Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Those Who Treat the Traumatized. New York: Brunner-Routledge, 1995.
  • Gates, Donna M.- Gillespie, Gordon L. "Secondary Traumatic Stress in Nurses Who Care for Traumatized Women". Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 37/2 (2008), 243-249.
  • Goenjian, Armen K. vd. “Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence”. The American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000), 911–916.
  • Gökçe, Gözde- Yılmaz, Banu. "Afetlerde Yardım Çalışanları: İkincil Travmatik Stres ve Başa Çıkma". Türkiye Klinikleri Psychology-Special Topics 2/3 (2017), 198-204.
  • Holmes, Megan R. vd. "Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Posttraumatic Stress, Grief, Burnout, and Secondary Trauma of Social Workers in the United States". Clinical Social Work Journal (2021), 1-10.
  • Hyder, Shadan. "COVID-19 and Collective Grief". Child & Youth Services 41/3 (2020), 269-270.
  • Køster, Allan-Kofod, Ester H. (eds). Cultural, Existential, and Phenomenological Dimensions of Grief Experience. Routledge, 2021.
  • Kula, Naci. “Deprem ve Dini Başa Çıkma”. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1/1, 234-255.
  • Mayes, Debbie. "Self-help: Helping Myself Towards Recovery". Journal of Mental Health 20/6 (2011), 580-582.
  • Naturale, April. "Secondary Traumatic Stress in Social Workers Responding to Disasters: Reports From the Field". Clinical Social Work Journal 35 (2007), 173-181.
  • Norris, Fran vd. “60,000 Disaster Victims Speak: Part I. An Empirical Review Of The Empirical Literature, 1981–2001”. Psychiatry 65 (2002), 207–239.
  • NTV. “Son Dakika Haberi: Deprem Nedeniyle 7 Günlük Milli Yas İlan Edildi.” (Erişim: 8 Nisan 2023),1. https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/son-dakika-haberi-deprem-nedeniyle-7-gunluk-milli-yas-ilan-edildi,4PORZ__9sUWYrgupwOjG8w
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. “The Religious Dimension of Coping: Advances in Theory, Research, and Practice”. Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. eds. Raymond F. Paloutzian - Crystal L. Park. 482-483. New York: The Guilford. Press, 2005.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. vd. “God help me:(I): Religious Coping Efforts as Predictors of the Outcomes to Significant Negative Life Events”. American Journal of Community Psychology 18 (1990), 793-824.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. vd. “The Many Methods of Religious Coping: Development and Initial Validation of the RCOPE”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56/4 (2000), 519-543.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I.- Abu Raiya, Hisham. "A Decade of Research on the Psychology of Religion a Coping: Things We Assumed and Lessons We Learned". Psyke & Logos 28/2 (2007), 25-25.
  • Roussos, Alexandra vd. "Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Reactions Among Children and Adolescents After the 1999 Earthquake in Ano Liosia, Greece". American Journal of Psychiatry 162/3 (2005), 530-537.
  • Sağıroğlu, Ali Zafer vd. Deprem Sonrası Göç ve İnsan Hareketlilikleri: Durum Değerlendirme Raporu. AYBÜ-GPM, 2023.
  • Schlenger, William E. vd. "Psychological Reactions To Terrorist Attacks: Findings From the National Study of Americans' Reactions to September 11". Jama 288/5 (2002), 581-588.
  • Schrank, Beate vd. "Determinants, Self-Management Strategies and İnterventions for Hope in People With Mental Disorders: Systematic Search and Narrative Review". Social Science & Medicine 74/4 (2012), 554-564.
  • Schuster, Mark A. vd. “A National Survey of Stress Reactions After the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks”. New England Journal of Medicine 345/20 (2001), 1507-1512.
  • Siegfried, Christine B. Child Welfare Work and Secondary Traumatic Stress. Child Welfare Trauma Training Toolkit: Secondary Traumatic Stress. PDF: The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Module 6, 2008. https://cascw.umn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/CW-SecondaryTraumaticStress.pdf
  • Thoits, Peggy A. "Social Support as Coping Assistance". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54/4 (1986), 416.
  • Valent, Paul. "Survival Strategies: A Framework for Understanding Secondary Traumatic Stress and Coping in Helpers". Compassion Fatigue. ed. Charles R. Figley. 21-50. Routledge, 2013.
  • Yacoubian, Viken V.- Hacker, Frederick J. “Reactions to Disaster at a Distance: The First Week After the Earthquake in Soviet Armenia”. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 53/4 (1989), 331.
  • Yıldırım, Murat vd., "Meaning in Life, Religious Coping, and Loneliness During the Coronavirus Health Crisis in Turkey". Journal of Religion and Health, (2021), 1-15.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ayşe Burcu Gören 0000-0002-2630-1683

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Kabul Tarihi 19 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Gören, Ayşe Burcu. “Afet Sonrası İkincil Travmatik Stres Ve Dini Başa Çıkma: Kahramanmaraş Depremi Örneği”. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 23/1 (Haziran 2023), 80-100. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1280604.