Araştırma Makalesi
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وجهات نظر معاصرة حول الفتوحات الإسلامية المبكرة

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 137 - 157, 03.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26791/sarkiat.1179930

Öz

يهدف هذا البحث إلى توضيح الدوافع والأسباب التي قادت إلى الفتاحات الإسلامية المبكرة وتحليلها بشكل أكثر تفصيلاً

تم اتباع المنهج الاستقرائي في هذا البحث، وقد تم الاطلاع على كلام الباحثين والمؤرخين والمستشرقين في موضوع .الدوافع الحقيقية والفعلية للفتوحات الإسلامية

أظهرت الدراسة بشكل واضح أن تقييم الفتوحات الإسلامية قد تأثر بشكل كبير بالفترة الزمنية والبلد والأيديولوجية، وهذا يتضح من انتشار فكرة الدفاع عن الفرس بين المؤرخين والباحثين الإيرانيين. ومن النتائج الأخرى التي توصل إليها البحث أن التفسيرات المختلفة المعروضة حول الفتوحات الإسلامية في الأساس تكرار للمزاعم المعروفة حول هذا الموضوع٬ .والتي لا أساس لها من الناحية العلمية

من أجل تفسير الفتوحات الإسلامية بشكل أكثر دقة وواقعية، ينصح بإجراء دراسات أكثر دقة للتحقق من الأسباب .والدوافع الفعلية لهذه الفتوحات ومراجعة الأدلة التاريخية والأسس العلمية المعتمدة في هذا الصدد

تظهر القيمة العلمية للبحث في ترسيخ مبدأ الثقة التامة بنوايا الفتوحات الإسلامية، وسلامتها من مزاعم الأسلمة القسرية والدوافع الاقتصادية. ويمكن الاعتماد على نتائج هذا البحث في الدراسات المستقبلية لتحليل الفتوحات الإسلامية وفهمها .بشكل أفضل

Kaynakça

  • Abadī, Sayyid Asghar Maẖmud. Tārīẖ İrān der Ahde Sāsāniyān. Tehran: Parseh, 2014.
  • Abel, Félix Marie. Histoire de la Palestine depuis la conquête d’Alexandre jusqu’à l’invasion arabe. J. Gabalda, 1952.
  • Arnold, Thomas Walker. Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Norderstedt Hansebooks GmbH, 2017.
  • Barthold, Vasilij Vladimiroviç. İslam Medeniyeti Tarihi. çev. Fuad Köprülü. İstanbul: Akçağ, 2004.
  • Berkey, Jonathan. The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Bousquet, Henri Bousquet. “Observations sur la nature et les causes de la Conquete arabe”. Studia Islamica Studia Islamica 6 (1956), 37.
  • Boyle, John A. Persia: History and Heritage. Londra: Henry Mellan, 1979.
  • Canard, Marius. “L’expansion Arabe: Le Problème Militaire”. Occidente e l’Islam nell’alto Medioevo 1 (1965).
  • Choksy, Jamsheed K. Conflict and Cooperation: Zoroastrian Subalterns and Muslim Elites in Medieval Iranian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
  • Crone, Patricia. The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt And Local Zoroastrianism. Cambridge University Press, Reprint edition., 2014.
  • Dennett, Daniel Clement. Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam. Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delli, 2000.
  • Donner, Fred Mcgraw. The Early Islamic Conquests. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1981.
  • Fayda, Mustafa. Hulefâ-yı Raşidîn Devri. İstanbul: Kubbealtı, 2016.
  • Furon, Raymond. Iran. çev. Galip Kemal Söylemezoğlu. İstanbul: Hilmi Kitabevi, 1943.
  • Gronke, Monika. Iran, A Short History, From Islamization to Present. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2008.
  • Ḥamdān, Jamāl. Istrātijīyat al-istī’mar wa al-taẖrīr. Cairo: Dar al-Hilal, 1999.
  • Hitti, Philip Khuri. History of the Arabs. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  • Hoyland, Robert G. In God’s Path : The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Izzatī, Abu-’l-Faḍl. An Introduction to the History of the Spread of Islam. Ghom: Ahl ul Bayt World Assembly, 1994.
  • İbrahim Hasan, Hasan. Siyasi, Dini, Kültürel, Sosyal İslam Tarihi. çev. İsmail Yiğit - Sadreddin Gümüş. İstanbul: Kayıhan, 1985.
  • Jarāda, Nassār. “El-Iẖtilāl al-ʿArabī wa al-Kizbāt al-Fatẖ”. 2018. Erişim 09 Ekim 2018. http://www.arabtimes.com/portal/article_display.cfm?Action=&Preview=No&ArticleID=30927
  • Kaegi, Walter Emil. Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Kapar, Mehmet Ali. İslam Tarihi. ed. Ahmet Önkal. İstanbul: Hikmetevi, 2018.
  • Kennedy, Hugh. The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Da Capo Press, 2007.
  • Kukhī, Muḥammad al-. “Al-Fatḥ al-Islāmī wa al-Ghazv al-ʿArabī”. 2007. Erişim 03 Eylül 2018. https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=101986
  • Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • Mahmud Ibrahim. Merchant Capital and Islam. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
  • McCants, William F. Founding Gods, Inventing Nations: Conquest and Culture Myths from Antiquity to Islam. Princeton University Press, 1 edition., 2011.
  • Nicolle, David. The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014.
  • Numani, Şibli. Bütün Yönleriyle Hz. Ömer ve Devlet İdaresi. çev. Talip Yaşar Alp. İstanbul: Mahya, 2015.
  • Pirniya, Hasan. “Târîhe İrân Gable Ez İslâm”. Târihe İran. ed. Abbas İkbâl Âştiyânî Hasan Pirinya Pervîz Bâbâyî. Tahran: Müessese-i İntişârât-i Negâh, 2013.
  • Qibtī, Ibrahīm al-. “El-Iẖtilāl al-Islāmī li al-ʿAlemī al-Kadīm wa al-Ghazv al-Gharbī li Mujtamāti al-Sharq”. 2005. Erişim 03 Eylül 2018. http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=47520
  • Rezakhani, Khodadad. “The Arab Conquests and Sasanian Iran: Islam in a Sasanian Context”. 02 Aralık 2016. Erişim 28 Aralık 2018. https://mizanproject.org/the-arab-conquests-and-sasanian-iran-part-2/
  • Roux, Jean-Paul. “L’Iran sous la domination arabe (637-874)”. 01 Mayıs 2003. Erişim 22 Şubat 2019. https://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/l_iran_sous_la_domination_arabe_637_874.asp
  • Savran, Scott. Arabs and Iranians in the Islamic Conquest Narrative: Memory and Identity Construction in Islamic Historiography, 750–1050. Routledge, 2017.
  • Sharīatī, Ali. İran ve İslam. çev. Kenan Çamurcu. İstanbul: Fecr, 2012.
  • Shayegan, Dariush. Yaralı Bilinç. çev. Haldun Bayrı. İstanbul: Metis, 2012.
  • Writer, Rashna. The Reshaping of Iran from Zoroastrian to Muslim: A History of Cultural Trensformation. Edwin Mellen Press, 2013.
  • Yeʼor, Bat. The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude : Seventh-twentieth Century. New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996.
  • Yüksel, Ahmet Turan. “Bazı Batılı Araştırmacılara Göre İlk İslam Fetihleri”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 6/6 (01 Temmuz 1996).
  • Zade, Yakub Kenan Necef. Manevi Cepheden Tarihte İran. İstanbul: Neşriyat Yurdu Yeni Şark Maarif Kütüphanesi, 1967.
  • Zarin Kōb, Abdul Ḥussain. Du Qarne Sukūt. Tehran: İntisharat Sokan, 1999.
  • Zeynelabidin, Muhammed Surur. Mecusilerin Geri Dönüşü. çev. Hüsrev Subaşı. İstanbul: Guraba, 2014.

Contemporary Evaluations on the Early Islamic Conquests

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 137 - 157, 03.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26791/sarkiat.1179930

Öz

This research aims to clarify the motives and reasons that led to the early Islamic conquests and analyze them in more detail. The inductive approach was followed in this research, and the words of researchers, historians, and orientalists were examined on the subject of the real and actual motives for the Islamic conquests.The study clearly shows that the evaluation of the Islamic conquests was greatly influenced by the time period, country, and ideology. This is evident from the spread of the idea of defending the Persians among Iranian historians and researchers. Another finding of the research is that the various interpretations presented about the Islamic conquests are essentially a repetition of the well-known allegations on this subject, which are scientifically unfounded. To interpret the Islamic conquests more accurately and realistically, it is advised to conduct more accurate studies to verify the actual reasons and motives for these conquests and to review the historical evidence and scientific foundations approved in this regard. The academic contribution of the research will be to reexamine the claims that the conquest regions were forcibly Islamized and that the conquests were carried out for economic motives within a scholarly framework and to reveal the current thoughts on the basic principles of Islamic conquests.

Kaynakça

  • Abadī, Sayyid Asghar Maẖmud. Tārīẖ İrān der Ahde Sāsāniyān. Tehran: Parseh, 2014.
  • Abel, Félix Marie. Histoire de la Palestine depuis la conquête d’Alexandre jusqu’à l’invasion arabe. J. Gabalda, 1952.
  • Arnold, Thomas Walker. Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Norderstedt Hansebooks GmbH, 2017.
  • Barthold, Vasilij Vladimiroviç. İslam Medeniyeti Tarihi. çev. Fuad Köprülü. İstanbul: Akçağ, 2004.
  • Berkey, Jonathan. The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Bousquet, Henri Bousquet. “Observations sur la nature et les causes de la Conquete arabe”. Studia Islamica Studia Islamica 6 (1956), 37.
  • Boyle, John A. Persia: History and Heritage. Londra: Henry Mellan, 1979.
  • Canard, Marius. “L’expansion Arabe: Le Problème Militaire”. Occidente e l’Islam nell’alto Medioevo 1 (1965).
  • Choksy, Jamsheed K. Conflict and Cooperation: Zoroastrian Subalterns and Muslim Elites in Medieval Iranian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
  • Crone, Patricia. The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt And Local Zoroastrianism. Cambridge University Press, Reprint edition., 2014.
  • Dennett, Daniel Clement. Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam. Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delli, 2000.
  • Donner, Fred Mcgraw. The Early Islamic Conquests. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1981.
  • Fayda, Mustafa. Hulefâ-yı Raşidîn Devri. İstanbul: Kubbealtı, 2016.
  • Furon, Raymond. Iran. çev. Galip Kemal Söylemezoğlu. İstanbul: Hilmi Kitabevi, 1943.
  • Gronke, Monika. Iran, A Short History, From Islamization to Present. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2008.
  • Ḥamdān, Jamāl. Istrātijīyat al-istī’mar wa al-taẖrīr. Cairo: Dar al-Hilal, 1999.
  • Hitti, Philip Khuri. History of the Arabs. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  • Hoyland, Robert G. In God’s Path : The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Izzatī, Abu-’l-Faḍl. An Introduction to the History of the Spread of Islam. Ghom: Ahl ul Bayt World Assembly, 1994.
  • İbrahim Hasan, Hasan. Siyasi, Dini, Kültürel, Sosyal İslam Tarihi. çev. İsmail Yiğit - Sadreddin Gümüş. İstanbul: Kayıhan, 1985.
  • Jarāda, Nassār. “El-Iẖtilāl al-ʿArabī wa al-Kizbāt al-Fatẖ”. 2018. Erişim 09 Ekim 2018. http://www.arabtimes.com/portal/article_display.cfm?Action=&Preview=No&ArticleID=30927
  • Kaegi, Walter Emil. Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Kapar, Mehmet Ali. İslam Tarihi. ed. Ahmet Önkal. İstanbul: Hikmetevi, 2018.
  • Kennedy, Hugh. The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Da Capo Press, 2007.
  • Kukhī, Muḥammad al-. “Al-Fatḥ al-Islāmī wa al-Ghazv al-ʿArabī”. 2007. Erişim 03 Eylül 2018. https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=101986
  • Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • Mahmud Ibrahim. Merchant Capital and Islam. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
  • McCants, William F. Founding Gods, Inventing Nations: Conquest and Culture Myths from Antiquity to Islam. Princeton University Press, 1 edition., 2011.
  • Nicolle, David. The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014.
  • Numani, Şibli. Bütün Yönleriyle Hz. Ömer ve Devlet İdaresi. çev. Talip Yaşar Alp. İstanbul: Mahya, 2015.
  • Pirniya, Hasan. “Târîhe İrân Gable Ez İslâm”. Târihe İran. ed. Abbas İkbâl Âştiyânî Hasan Pirinya Pervîz Bâbâyî. Tahran: Müessese-i İntişârât-i Negâh, 2013.
  • Qibtī, Ibrahīm al-. “El-Iẖtilāl al-Islāmī li al-ʿAlemī al-Kadīm wa al-Ghazv al-Gharbī li Mujtamāti al-Sharq”. 2005. Erişim 03 Eylül 2018. http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=47520
  • Rezakhani, Khodadad. “The Arab Conquests and Sasanian Iran: Islam in a Sasanian Context”. 02 Aralık 2016. Erişim 28 Aralık 2018. https://mizanproject.org/the-arab-conquests-and-sasanian-iran-part-2/
  • Roux, Jean-Paul. “L’Iran sous la domination arabe (637-874)”. 01 Mayıs 2003. Erişim 22 Şubat 2019. https://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/l_iran_sous_la_domination_arabe_637_874.asp
  • Savran, Scott. Arabs and Iranians in the Islamic Conquest Narrative: Memory and Identity Construction in Islamic Historiography, 750–1050. Routledge, 2017.
  • Sharīatī, Ali. İran ve İslam. çev. Kenan Çamurcu. İstanbul: Fecr, 2012.
  • Shayegan, Dariush. Yaralı Bilinç. çev. Haldun Bayrı. İstanbul: Metis, 2012.
  • Writer, Rashna. The Reshaping of Iran from Zoroastrian to Muslim: A History of Cultural Trensformation. Edwin Mellen Press, 2013.
  • Yeʼor, Bat. The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude : Seventh-twentieth Century. New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996.
  • Yüksel, Ahmet Turan. “Bazı Batılı Araştırmacılara Göre İlk İslam Fetihleri”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 6/6 (01 Temmuz 1996).
  • Zade, Yakub Kenan Necef. Manevi Cepheden Tarihte İran. İstanbul: Neşriyat Yurdu Yeni Şark Maarif Kütüphanesi, 1967.
  • Zarin Kōb, Abdul Ḥussain. Du Qarne Sukūt. Tehran: İntisharat Sokan, 1999.
  • Zeynelabidin, Muhammed Surur. Mecusilerin Geri Dönüşü. çev. Hüsrev Subaşı. İstanbul: Guraba, 2014.

Erken Dönem İslam Fetihleri Üzerine Çağdaş Değerlendirmeler

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 137 - 157, 03.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26791/sarkiat.1179930

Öz

Bu araştırma, erken dönem İslam fetihlerine yol açan saikleri ve nedenleri açıklığa kavuşturmayı ve bunları daha ayrıntılı bir şekilde analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu araştırmada tümevarımcı bir yaklaşım izlenmiş ve İslam fetihlerinin gerçek ve asıl sebepleri konusunda araştırmacıların, ilgili tarihçilerin ve oryantalistlerin değerlendirmeleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma, İslam fetihleriyle ilgili yorumların zaman, mekan ve ideolojilerden büyük ölçüde etkilendiğini açıkça göstermektedir. Bu durum, İranlı tarihçiler ve araştırmacılar arasında Pers medeniyetini savunma eğiliminden de anlaşılmaktadır. Araştırmanın bir diğer bulgusu, İslam fetihleri hakkında sunulan çeşitli yorumların, esasen bu konuda bilinen ve bilimsel olarak temelsiz olan iddiaların bir tekrarı olduğudur. İslam fetihlerini daha doğru ve gerçekçi bir zeminde yorumlamak için, bu fetihlerin gerçek nedenlerini ve gerekçelerini doğrulamak üzere daha derin çalışmalar yapılması ve bu konuda kabul gören tarihsel kanıtların ve bilimsel temellerin gözden geçirilmesi gerekmektedir. Araştırmanın akademik katkısı, fetih bölgelerinin zorla İslamlaştırıldığı ve ekonomik saiklerle fetihlerin gerçekleştirildiği iddialarının ilmi bir çerçevede yeniden ele alınması ve İslam fetihlerinin temel ilkeleri konusundaki güncel düşüncelerin ortaya konması noktasında olacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Abadī, Sayyid Asghar Maẖmud. Tārīẖ İrān der Ahde Sāsāniyān. Tehran: Parseh, 2014.
  • Abel, Félix Marie. Histoire de la Palestine depuis la conquête d’Alexandre jusqu’à l’invasion arabe. J. Gabalda, 1952.
  • Arnold, Thomas Walker. Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Norderstedt Hansebooks GmbH, 2017.
  • Barthold, Vasilij Vladimiroviç. İslam Medeniyeti Tarihi. çev. Fuad Köprülü. İstanbul: Akçağ, 2004.
  • Berkey, Jonathan. The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Bousquet, Henri Bousquet. “Observations sur la nature et les causes de la Conquete arabe”. Studia Islamica Studia Islamica 6 (1956), 37.
  • Boyle, John A. Persia: History and Heritage. Londra: Henry Mellan, 1979.
  • Canard, Marius. “L’expansion Arabe: Le Problème Militaire”. Occidente e l’Islam nell’alto Medioevo 1 (1965).
  • Choksy, Jamsheed K. Conflict and Cooperation: Zoroastrian Subalterns and Muslim Elites in Medieval Iranian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
  • Crone, Patricia. The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt And Local Zoroastrianism. Cambridge University Press, Reprint edition., 2014.
  • Dennett, Daniel Clement. Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam. Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delli, 2000.
  • Donner, Fred Mcgraw. The Early Islamic Conquests. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1981.
  • Fayda, Mustafa. Hulefâ-yı Raşidîn Devri. İstanbul: Kubbealtı, 2016.
  • Furon, Raymond. Iran. çev. Galip Kemal Söylemezoğlu. İstanbul: Hilmi Kitabevi, 1943.
  • Gronke, Monika. Iran, A Short History, From Islamization to Present. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2008.
  • Ḥamdān, Jamāl. Istrātijīyat al-istī’mar wa al-taẖrīr. Cairo: Dar al-Hilal, 1999.
  • Hitti, Philip Khuri. History of the Arabs. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  • Hoyland, Robert G. In God’s Path : The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Izzatī, Abu-’l-Faḍl. An Introduction to the History of the Spread of Islam. Ghom: Ahl ul Bayt World Assembly, 1994.
  • İbrahim Hasan, Hasan. Siyasi, Dini, Kültürel, Sosyal İslam Tarihi. çev. İsmail Yiğit - Sadreddin Gümüş. İstanbul: Kayıhan, 1985.
  • Jarāda, Nassār. “El-Iẖtilāl al-ʿArabī wa al-Kizbāt al-Fatẖ”. 2018. Erişim 09 Ekim 2018. http://www.arabtimes.com/portal/article_display.cfm?Action=&Preview=No&ArticleID=30927
  • Kaegi, Walter Emil. Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Kapar, Mehmet Ali. İslam Tarihi. ed. Ahmet Önkal. İstanbul: Hikmetevi, 2018.
  • Kennedy, Hugh. The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Da Capo Press, 2007.
  • Kukhī, Muḥammad al-. “Al-Fatḥ al-Islāmī wa al-Ghazv al-ʿArabī”. 2007. Erişim 03 Eylül 2018. https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=101986
  • Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • Mahmud Ibrahim. Merchant Capital and Islam. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
  • McCants, William F. Founding Gods, Inventing Nations: Conquest and Culture Myths from Antiquity to Islam. Princeton University Press, 1 edition., 2011.
  • Nicolle, David. The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014.
  • Numani, Şibli. Bütün Yönleriyle Hz. Ömer ve Devlet İdaresi. çev. Talip Yaşar Alp. İstanbul: Mahya, 2015.
  • Pirniya, Hasan. “Târîhe İrân Gable Ez İslâm”. Târihe İran. ed. Abbas İkbâl Âştiyânî Hasan Pirinya Pervîz Bâbâyî. Tahran: Müessese-i İntişârât-i Negâh, 2013.
  • Qibtī, Ibrahīm al-. “El-Iẖtilāl al-Islāmī li al-ʿAlemī al-Kadīm wa al-Ghazv al-Gharbī li Mujtamāti al-Sharq”. 2005. Erişim 03 Eylül 2018. http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=47520
  • Rezakhani, Khodadad. “The Arab Conquests and Sasanian Iran: Islam in a Sasanian Context”. 02 Aralık 2016. Erişim 28 Aralık 2018. https://mizanproject.org/the-arab-conquests-and-sasanian-iran-part-2/
  • Roux, Jean-Paul. “L’Iran sous la domination arabe (637-874)”. 01 Mayıs 2003. Erişim 22 Şubat 2019. https://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/l_iran_sous_la_domination_arabe_637_874.asp
  • Savran, Scott. Arabs and Iranians in the Islamic Conquest Narrative: Memory and Identity Construction in Islamic Historiography, 750–1050. Routledge, 2017.
  • Sharīatī, Ali. İran ve İslam. çev. Kenan Çamurcu. İstanbul: Fecr, 2012.
  • Shayegan, Dariush. Yaralı Bilinç. çev. Haldun Bayrı. İstanbul: Metis, 2012.
  • Writer, Rashna. The Reshaping of Iran from Zoroastrian to Muslim: A History of Cultural Trensformation. Edwin Mellen Press, 2013.
  • Yeʼor, Bat. The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude : Seventh-twentieth Century. New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996.
  • Yüksel, Ahmet Turan. “Bazı Batılı Araştırmacılara Göre İlk İslam Fetihleri”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 6/6 (01 Temmuz 1996).
  • Zade, Yakub Kenan Necef. Manevi Cepheden Tarihte İran. İstanbul: Neşriyat Yurdu Yeni Şark Maarif Kütüphanesi, 1967.
  • Zarin Kōb, Abdul Ḥussain. Du Qarne Sukūt. Tehran: İntisharat Sokan, 1999.
  • Zeynelabidin, Muhammed Surur. Mecusilerin Geri Dönüşü. çev. Hüsrev Subaşı. İstanbul: Guraba, 2014.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Arapça
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hüseyin Gökalp 0000-0002-7954-083X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2023
Kabul Tarihi 18 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Gökalp, Hüseyin. “وجهات نظر معاصرة حول الفتوحات الإسلامية المبكرة”. Şarkiyat 15/1 (Temmuz 2023), 137-157. https://doi.org/10.26791/sarkiat.1179930.

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