Şîa’da Hadis Rivayeti ve İsnad Tenkidinde Ashâb-ı İcmâ Telakkisinin Rolü

According to Shia, ashâb al-ijma (a group of Shii transmitters that a consensus occurred on their trustworthiness) are those who are from the companions of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (d.114 /733), Ja'far al-Sadiq (d.148/765), Mūsa al-Kaẓim (d.183/799), and his son Ali al- Riḍa (d.203 /818). Ashab al-ijma are three groups consisting of six people, and each group includes six transmitters, total is eighteen transmitters. These are also the leading transmitters of the canonic hadith sources of Shia, particularly ahqam (judicial) hadiths, and the chains of hadiths based on them are accepted as an authentic according to the principle i.e. "tashihu mâ yasihhu anhum" which was formulated by prominent Shii scholars. However, although it is mentioned as a consensus on this issue, there is no complete agreement among Imami scholars on the exact number of ashâb al-ijma and what this phrase means exactly. Therefore, in this article, first of all, it will be studied who are ashâb al-ijma and the controversies on this subject by referring to the basic sources on biography (rijâl) books called al-usūl al-arbiatu al-rijaliyya, and the books of hadith methodology. Essentially, it is aimed to evaluate the reasons why ashâb al-ijma are regarded as reliable and the isnads in which a transmitter from ashâb al-ijma takes place are considered as acceptable depending on their reliability.

Şîa’ya göre ashâb-ı icmâ, İmam Muhammed el-Bâkır (ö.114/733), Caʽfer es-Sâdık (ö.148/765), Mûsâ el-Kâzım (ö.183/799) ve oğlu Ali er-Rızâ’nın (ö.203/818) ashâbından olup her biri altı kişiden oluşan üç gruptaki toplam on sekiz râviyi ve âlimi ifade etmektedir. Bunlar, hadis kaynaklarının önde gelen râvileridir ve kendilerine dayandırılan hadisler "tashîhu mâ yasihhu anhüm" şeklinde formüle edilen prensibe göre sahih kabul edilmektedir. Ancak bu hususta icmâ olduğu ifade edilse de ashâb-ı icmânın sayısına ve bu tâbirle tam olarak ne kastedildiğine dair İmâmî ulemâ arasında tam bir birlik yoktur. Bu makalede öncelikle ashâb-ı icmânın kimlerden oluştuğu ve bu konudaki ihtilaflar, Şîa’nın el-Usûlü’l-erbaatü’r-ricâliyye diye bilinen temel ricâl kitaplarına ve ashâb-ı icmâya yer veren hadis usûlüne dair kaynaklara başvurularak ele alınacak, ashâb-ı icmânın kendilerinin ya da içinde yer aldıkları isnad ve rivayetlerin kendilerine duyulan itimada binaen makbul addedilme sebepleri incelenecektir.