EN
TR
A Jew Hater Marrano: Uriel da Costa
Abstract
Uriel da Costa (d. 1640), born into a Marrano family in Portugal in the late 16th century, fled Portugal with his family when he was in his twenties. The most important reason behind this escape was the Inquisition Courts of the period. With the rise of Protestantism, religious oppression in Catholic countries increased and Marranos were also affected. Uriel da Costa, who migrated from his hometown to Amsterdam as a Christian in search of religious freedom and returned to Judaism, was disappointed that he did not encounter a Judaism as he expected. According to Uriel, Judaism is a religion that must be lived in strict accordance with the Bible. However, the Jews of the period, under the guidance of the clergy class, make changes in the Torah's provisions and live their lives in this way. Uriel, who objected to this situation, wrote a small treatise in 1616 and criticized the clergy of the period under the name of "Pharisees" in 11 articles. As a result, he was declared a herem and expelled from the Jewish community. Uriel da Costa, who initially had a reformist understanding of piety, distanced himself from Judaism after being declared a herem. Forced to live apart from the community for many years, Uriel was subjected to various pressures and persecutions by the Jews. Even his family and close friends turned against him for his ideas. In this situation, Uriel reflected on the Mosaic Law and Judaism and finally decided that the Law of Moses, like all other laws, was man-made. During this time, Uriel da Costa published a work in 1624, Exame das tradicoes Phariseas conferidas com a lei escrita (A Study of Pharisaic Tradition in Comparison with the Written Law). In this work, he expanded on the criticisms he had made in 1616 and used a much harsher tone. For Uriel, who had initially emphasized that the Law must be followed strictly and to the letter, it was now the law of nature that mattered. As a result of his struggle with the Jewish clergy and his exclusion from the community, Uriel, while not rejecting the idea of God, turned to deism and adopted the idea that salvation does not depend on the law. Although Uriel da Costa distanced himself from Judaism in his heart and mind, he requested to return to the community due to the deterioration in his living conditions after he was declared a herem. The Jewish Community of Amsterdam accepted this return, but under severe conditions. Uriel da Costa initially refused to accept these terms. But over the next seven years, da Costa's life became more and more difficult. Uriel da Costa realized that the hardships he had endured were not doing him any good, but rather harming him, and he accepted the congregation's terms. He was readmitted to the community in a ceremony held in the synagogue. According to Uriel da Costa, during this ceremony he was first made to read a text of repentance and confession, then he was whipped in the synagogue, and finally he was made to lie on the threshold of the synagogue and the entire congregation was made to pass over him. This ceremony was one of the important turning points in Uriel da Costa's life. Faced with such humiliation, da Costa experienced a psychological and emotional, if not religious, transformation from this point on and began to harbor hatred and hatred against both Judaism and Jews. He wrote an autobiography with feelings of enmity and revenge. In this work, which he called Examplar Humanae Vitae (An Exemplar of Human Life), although he mentions Jews and Judaism, the addressees of the work are Christians. In this work, Uriel showed all his hostility towards Judaism and tried to incite the Christians of the period against the Jews by giving them various messages. Uriel da Costa, who fell into a deep melancholy due to the troubles and problems he had experienced, ended his life with a bullet to his head in 1640. He failed to mobilize Christians against the Jews, which was the primary purpose of his work. But he managed to take revenge on the Jews, albeit indirectly. Uriel, whose ideas and life story continued to be talked about among Amsterdam Jews for many years, contributed to the emergence of an important philosopher such as Baruch Spinoza (d. 1677) on the stage of history. The ideas of Uriel and others like him were systematized and philosophized by important Jewish thinkers such as Spinoza in the following years.
Keywords
References
- Acosta, Uriel. A Specimen of Human Life. New York: Bergman Publishers, 1967.
- Armstrong, Karen. Tanrı’nın Tarihi. çev. Hamide Koyukan vd. İstanbul: Pegasus Yayınları, 5. Basım, 2018.
- Aykıt, Dursun Ali. Hıristiyanlığın Öncüsü Olarak İskenderiyeli Philo. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları, 2011.
- Berg, Jan Van Den vd. “Menasseh ben Israel, Henry More and Johannes Hoornbeeck on the Pre-Existence of the Soul”. Menasseh ben Israel and His World. 98-116. Leiden: Brill, 1989.
- Bodian, Miriam. “Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: The Ambiguous Boundaries of Self-Definiton”. Jewish Social Studies 15/1 (2008), 66-80.
- Bodian, Miriam. “In the Cross-Currents of the Reformation: Crypto-Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition 1570-1670”. Past & Present 176 (2002), 66-104.
- Cohen, Martin A. “Marrano”. Encyclopedia Judaica (Second Edition). C. 13. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
- Costa, Uriel da. “Examination of Pharisaic Traditions”. çev. H. P. Salomon - I. S. D. Sassoon. Examination of Pharisaic Traditions Supplemented by Semuel da Silva’s Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul. Leiden: Brill, 1993.
Details
Primary Language
Turkish
Subjects
Religious Studies (Other)
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
June 30, 2024
Submission Date
February 26, 2024
Acceptance Date
June 13, 2024
Published in Issue
Year 1970 Volume: 24 Number: 1