Araştırma Makalesi

Junayd al-Baghdādī and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī: An Analysis of a Sufi Continuity in the Context of the Understanding of Tawḥīd

Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1 30 Haziran 2026
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Junayd al-Baghdādī and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī: An Analysis of a Sufi Continuity in the Context of the Understanding of Tawḥīd

Öz

Junayd al-Baghdādī (d. 297/909), one of the prominent figures of early sufism, stands out as among the first sufis to systematically and analytically articulate sufi concepts during the formative period of sufism. His explanation of the experience of tawḥīd (divine unity) within a framework of self-purification (tazkiyat al-nafs), contemplation (tafakkur), annihilation (fanā’), subsistence with God (baqā’), the primordial covenant (mīthāq), and freedom (ḥurriyya), along with his interpretation of death as “attaining union (wuṣūl),” profoundly influenced subsequent sufis. Although many sufis in the history of sufism bear traces of Junayd’s thought, one of the figures most intensely and distinctly shaped by this intellectual legacy is Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (d. 672/1273). The references to Junayd in Rūmī’s works and the parallels in their systematic approaches to tawḥīd demonstrate that Rūmī is among the sufis most intensely shaped by this intellectual legacy. While Rūmī is often associated in sufi history with ecstatic (sukr-oriented) sufis such as Bāyazīd al-Bisṭāmī (d. 234/848[?]) and al-Ḥallāj al-Mansūr (d. 309/922) -known for their mystical utterances (shaṭaḥāt), the traces of Junayd’s sobriety-centered (ṣahw-oriented) sufi philosophy are distinctly evident in Rūmī’s works. A comparative analysis of the emphasis on tawḥīd and its systematic treatment in Rūmī’s writings with Junayd’s understanding of tawḥīd underscores this reality. Rūmī conceptualizes the soul as an entity confined within the prison of the body, asserting that the soul’s liberation is contingent upon the realization of tawḥīd. His emphasis on the soul’s potential to re-experience the state of the mīthāq and thereby construct a new consciousness aligns with Junayd’s systematic articulation of this idea, marking a critical doctrinal continuity in sufi thought. This study examines the approaches of these two distinguished figures in sufi history to tawḥīd -a central concept in sufism- through a comparative analytical method. The first section investigates the contexts in which Rūmī alludes to Junayd in his works, tracing the nature and significance of this intellectual admiration. The second section undertakes a thematic comparative analysis of core concepts shared by both sufis: fanā’, baqā’, mīthāq, ḥayrah (bewilderment), ḥurriyya (freedom), and the theme of death. Another notable commonality between the two sufis is their integration of the theory of tawḥīd with the concept of death. Both interpret death as a means of union (wuṣūl) and regard it as the true realization of tawḥīd. Junayd’s principle “the end is a return to the beginning” and Rūmī’s opening reed flute (ney) metaphor in the Mathnawī both point to the same foundational insight: the soul’s journey is a return to the primordial covenant (mīthāq), and death constitutes its ultimate completion. Furthermore, Junayd’s dialectic of fanā’ and baqā’ finds a dynamic continuation in Rūmī’s concepts of divine love (maḥabbatullāh) and spiritual absorption (istighrāq), whereby the annihilation of the ego does not lead to ontological non-existence but to a renewed, God-centered selfhood. By undertaking this analysis, the study aims to elucidate the doctrinal continuity and profound intellectual influences within sufi thought, and, through an academic perspective, to address a specific gap in the literature; namely, that the convergence between Junayd and Rūmī has not previously been examined directly and comparatively through the lens of tawḥīd. Rather than positing a simple relationship of influence and reception, the study situates both sufis within a shared tawḥīd-centered framework, demonstrating how Junayd's profound theoretical legacy was reinterpreted and given new expression in Rūmī’s poetic and mystical discourse.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Abdel-Kader, Ali Hassan. The Life, Personality and Writings of al-Junayd: A Study of a Ninth-Century Mystic with an Edition and Translation of His Writings. London: Luzac & Co. Ltd., 1962.
  2. Afîfî, Ebü’l-Alā. Tasavvuf: İslâm’da Manevî Hayat [Sufism: The Spiritual Life in Islam]. Translated by Ekrem Demirli and Abdullah Kartal. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2021.
  3. ‘Ajlūnī, Ismā‘īl b. Muḥammad al-Jarrāḥī. Kashf al-khafā’ wa-muzīl al-ilbās ‘ammā ishtahara min al-aḥādīth ‘alā alsinat al-nās. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qudsī, 1351 AH.
  4. Aksoy, Zehra Betül. Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî’de İnsanın Kemali [Junayd al-Baghdādī’s Views on the Perfection of the Human Being]. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi/Master’s Thesis, 2021. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=RjZwH00oMG4iNa5SgvlggznaQgQGf8soDWN7NaMD2uPSCnWP2ua0vzMmoSDXtBCB
  5. Altıntaş, Ramazan. “Mevlâna’da İrade Hürriyeti” [Free Will in Rūmī]. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 8/2 (2004): 1-15.
  6. Ateş, Süleyman. “Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî” [Junayd al-Baghdādī]. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 8/119-121. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 1993.
  7. Baghdādī, Abū al-Qāsim Junayd b. Muḥammad al-Khazzāz al-Qawārīrī. Rasā’il al-Junayd. Edited by Ali Hassan Abdel-Kader. London: Luzac & Co. Ltd., 1962.
  8. Bardakçı, Mehmet Necmettin. “İlk Dönem Sûfîlerin Tevhid Tecrübesi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme” [An Evaluation of the Tawḥīd Experience of Early Sufis]. Sufiyye 11 (2021): 255-280. https://doi.org/10.46231/sufiyye.963383

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Tasavvuf

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

9 Şubat 2026

Kabul Tarihi

25 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
Bayrakcı, S., & Çelik, M. Z. (2026). Junayd al-Baghdādī and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī: An Analysis of a Sufi Continuity in the Context of the Understanding of Tawḥīd. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi, 26(1), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1885168
AMA
1.Bayrakcı S, Çelik MZ. Junayd al-Baghdādī and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī: An Analysis of a Sufi Continuity in the Context of the Understanding of Tawḥīd. Marife. 2026;26(1):167-182. doi:10.33420/marife.1885168
Chicago
Bayrakcı, Sami, ve Meşkure Zehra Çelik. 2026. “Junayd al-Baghdādī and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī: An Analysis of a Sufi Continuity in the Context of the Understanding of Tawḥīd”. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 26 (1): 167-82. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1885168.
EndNote
Bayrakcı S, Çelik MZ (01 Haziran 2026) Junayd al-Baghdādī and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī: An Analysis of a Sufi Continuity in the Context of the Understanding of Tawḥīd. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 26 1 167–182.
IEEE
[1]S. Bayrakcı ve M. Z. Çelik, “Junayd al-Baghdādī and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī: An Analysis of a Sufi Continuity in the Context of the Understanding of Tawḥīd”, Marife, c. 26, sy 1, ss. 167–182, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.33420/marife.1885168.
ISNAD
Bayrakcı, Sami - Çelik, Meşkure Zehra. “Junayd al-Baghdādī and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī: An Analysis of a Sufi Continuity in the Context of the Understanding of Tawḥīd”. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 26/1 (01 Haziran 2026): 167-182. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1885168.
JAMA
1.Bayrakcı S, Çelik MZ. Junayd al-Baghdādī and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī: An Analysis of a Sufi Continuity in the Context of the Understanding of Tawḥīd. Marife. 2026;26:167–182.
MLA
Bayrakcı, Sami, ve Meşkure Zehra Çelik. “Junayd al-Baghdādī and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī: An Analysis of a Sufi Continuity in the Context of the Understanding of Tawḥīd”. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 26, sy 1, Haziran 2026, ss. 167-82, doi:10.33420/marife.1885168.
Vancouver
1.Sami Bayrakcı, Meşkure Zehra Çelik. Junayd al-Baghdādī and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī: An Analysis of a Sufi Continuity in the Context of the Understanding of Tawḥīd. Marife. 01 Haziran 2026;26(1):167-82. doi:10.33420/marife.1885168