Araştırma Makalesi
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Orta-Çağ Avrupasının Başat Aktörlerinden Biri Olarak Din (Rodney Stark Eleştirisi)

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 351 - 368, 30.12.2020

Volkan Ertit

https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.762902

Öz

Hem entelektüel tartışmalarda hem de gündelik konuşmalar içerisinde söz konusu Ortaçağ ise, genellikle o dönemin inanç açısından “Altın Çağ” olduğu ifade edilir. Bununla birlikte, bireylerin sahip oldukları ideoloji ya da siyasi fikirlerden dolayı normatif ifadeler de Orta Çağ dönemini adlandırmak için kullanılabilir. Özellikle Rönesans bilginleri kendilerinden önceki dönemi tanımlamak için "Karanlık Çağlar" ifadelerini kullanmışlardı. Ancak 20. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru bu ifade sorgulanmaya başlanmıştır. Rodney Stark başta olmak üzere kimi araştırmacılar Orta Çağ olarak adlandırılan dönemde aslında dinin iddia edildiği kadar güçlü olmadığını vurgulamışlardır. Bu makale ise, Stark’ın ve diğer araştırmacıların Orta Çağ anlatılarının karikatürize edilmiş bir tarih anlatısı olduğunu ve Orta Çağ ile ilgili ifade ettiklerinin o dönemi yansıtmaktan uzak olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Çalışma nitel araştırma yaklaşımını benimsenmiş olup, birincil ve ikincil kaynaklara ulaşarak yapılan literatür taraması ile elde edilen veriler betimsel analize tabii tutulmuştur. Makale dinin etkisiz olduğunu değil, aksine, dinin ve dinî kurumların hem sıradan bireyin gündelik yaşamını şekillendirdiğini, hem imparatorlukların aldıkları önemli siyasi kararlara müdahil olduklarını, hem de dönemin entelektüel dünyasının konularını domine ettikleri iddiasını savunmaktadır. Bu sebeple makale kilisenin ve dinin gündelik yaşam, politika ve entelektüel kültür üzerindeki etkilerini bu sıra ile okuyucuya sunmakta ve Stark’ın iddialarının Orta Çağ’ı yansıtmadığını vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Orta Çağ Katolik Kilisesi Din Din Sosyolojisi Rodney Stark

Kaynakça

  • Abelard, Peter - Heloise. The Love Letters of Abelard and Heloise. trans. Betty Radice. ed. İsrael Gollancz - Honnor Morten. Evinity Publishing 2004 [1901]. Access 13.05.2020. https://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/aah/aah05.htm on.
  • Abelard, Peter - Heloise. The Love Letters of Abelard and Heloise. trans. Betty Radice. ed. İsrael Gollancz - Honnor Morten. Evinity Publishing 2004 [1901]. Access 13.05.2020. https://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/aah/aah05.htm on.
  • Anselm, Monologion. trans. Thomas Williams. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1995.
  • Anselm, Monologion. trans. Thomas Williams. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1995.
  • Aquinas. Summa Theologica. trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Benziger Brothers Edition, 1947. Access 13.05.2020. www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/17611/pg17611-images.html
  • Aquinas. Summa Theologica. trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Benziger Brothers Edition, 1947. Access 13.05.2020. www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/17611/pg17611-images.html
  • Aspell, Patrick J.. Medieval Western Philosophy: The European Emergence. Washington DC: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 1999.
  • Aspell, Patrick J.. Medieval Western Philosophy: The European Emergence. Washington DC: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 1999.
  • Augustine. Against the Academics. trans. John J. O'meara. New York: Newman Press, 1951.
  • Augustine. Against the Academics. trans. John J. O'meara. New York: Newman Press, 1951.
  • Augustine. On Order. trans. Silvano Borruso. South Bend: St. Augustine’s Press, 2007.
  • Augustine. On Order. trans. Silvano Borruso. South Bend: St. Augustine’s Press, 2007.
  • Bishop, Morris. The Pelican Book of the Middle Ages. Norwich: Fletcher & Son, 1983.
  • Bishop, Morris. The Pelican Book of the Middle Ages. Norwich: Fletcher & Son, 1983.
  • Boethius. The Consolation of Philosophy. trans. H.R. James M.A. London: 1897. Access 13.05.2020. www.gutenber.org
  • Boethius. The Consolation of Philosophy. trans. H.R. James M.A. London: 1897. Access 13.05.2020. www.gutenber.org
  • Bruce, Steve. "The Pervasive World-View: Religion in Pre-Modern Britain". The British Journal of Sociology 48/4 (1997), 667-680.
  • Bruce, Steve. "The Pervasive World-View: Religion in Pre-Modern Britain". The British Journal of Sociology 48/4 (1997), 667-680.
  • Christianity Rediscovered. “The Seven Pillars of Wisdom Revealed”. Access 13.05.2020. http://christianity-rediscovered.blogspot.com/2018/01/the-seven-pillars-of-wisdom-revealed.html
  • Christianity Rediscovered. “The Seven Pillars of Wisdom Revealed”. Access 13.05.2020. http://christianity-rediscovered.blogspot.com/2018/01/the-seven-pillars-of-wisdom-revealed.html
  • Copleston, F. C. A History of Medieval Philosophy. London: Methuen & CO, 1972.
  • Copleston, F. C. A History of Medieval Philosophy. London: Methuen & CO, 1972.
  • Curley, Mary Mildred. The Conflict Between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV, The Fair. Washington: The Catholic University of America, PhD dissertation, 1927.
  • Curley, Mary Mildred. The Conflict Between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV, The Fair. Washington: The Catholic University of America, PhD dissertation, 1927.
  • Duffy, Eamon. “The late middle ages: Vitality or decline”. Atlas of the Christian Church. ed. Henry Chadwick & Gillian Rosemary Evans. 86-95. New York: Facts on File, 1987.
  • Duffy, Eamon. “The late middle ages: Vitality or decline”. Atlas of the Christian Church. ed. Henry Chadwick & Gillian Rosemary Evans. 86-95. New York: Facts on File, 1987.
  • Duffy, Eamon. Stripping of the altars. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
  • Duffy, Eamon. Stripping of the altars. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
  • Evans, G. R. Philosophy and Theology in the Middle Ages. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
  • Evans, G. R. Philosophy and Theology in the Middle Ages. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
  • Gilson, Etienne. History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages. London: Sheed and Ward, 1955.
  • Gilson, Etienne. History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages. London: Sheed and Ward, 1955.
  • Greeley, Andrew. Religion as poetry. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1995.
  • Greeley, Andrew. Religion as poetry. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1995.
  • Greenfield, J. C. “The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Prov. 9: 1): A Mistranslation”. The Jewish quarterly review 76/1 (1985), 13-20.
  • Greenfield, J. C. “The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Prov. 9: 1): A Mistranslation”. The Jewish quarterly review 76/1 (1985), 13-20.
  • Hamilton, Bernard. The Christian World of The Middle Ages. Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 2003.
  • Hamilton, Bernard. The Christian World of The Middle Ages. Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 2003.
  • Hodgkin, Thomas. The Barbarian Invasions of The Roman Empire, VII The Frankish Invasion 744-774. London: The Folio Society, 2003.
  • Hodgkin, Thomas. The Barbarian Invasions of The Roman Empire, VII The Frankish Invasion 744-774. London: The Folio Society, 2003.
  • Jordan, William Chester. "Christian Excommunication of the Jews in the Middle Ages: A Restatement of the Issues". Jewish History 1 (1986), 31-38.
  • Jordan, William Chester. "Christian Excommunication of the Jews in the Middle Ages: A Restatement of the Issues". Jewish History 1 (1986), 31-38.
  • Knowledges, David. The Evolution of Medieval Thought. Hong Kong: Longman, 1962.
  • Knowledges, David. The Evolution of Medieval Thought. Hong Kong: Longman, 1962.
  • Koenigsberger, H. G. Medieval Europe 400-1500. Hong Kong: Longman, 1987. Koterski, Joseph W. An Introduction to Medieval Philosophy, Basic Concepts. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
  • Koenigsberger, H. G. Medieval Europe 400-1500. Hong Kong: Longman, 1987. Koterski, Joseph W. An Introduction to Medieval Philosophy, Basic Concepts. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
  • Martin, C.F.J. An Introduction to Medieval Philosophy. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 1996.
  • Martin, C.F.J. An Introduction to Medieval Philosophy. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 1996.
  • Maurer, Armand A. Medieval Philosophy. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1982.
  • Maurer, Armand A. Medieval Philosophy. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1982.
  • McCabe, Joseph. Crises in The History of the Papacy, A Study of Twenty Famous Popes whose Careers and whose Influence Were Important in the Development of the Church and in the History of the World. New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1916.
  • McCabe, Joseph. Crises in The History of the Papacy, A Study of Twenty Famous Popes whose Careers and whose Influence Were Important in the Development of the Church and in the History of the World. New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1916.
  • McGarry, Daniel. Medieval History & Civilization. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1976.
  • McGarry, Daniel. Medieval History & Civilization. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1976.
  • McInerny, Ralph M. A History of Western Philosophy, Philosophy From St. Augustine to Ockham. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1970.
  • McInerny, Ralph M. A History of Western Philosophy, Philosophy From St. Augustine to Ockham. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1970.
  • Mommsen, Theodore E. "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'”. Speculum 17/2 (1942), 226-242.
  • Mommsen, Theodore E. "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'”. Speculum 17/2 (1942), 226-242.
  • Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy, The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  • Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy, The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  • Morris, Colin. “Christian Civilization (1050-1400)”. The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. ed. John McManners. 205-42. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Morris, Colin. “Christian Civilization (1050-1400)”. The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. ed. John McManners. 205-42. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • OP, Brian Davies. "Thomas Aquinas". Medieval Philosophy, Routledge History of Philosophy Volume III. ed. John Marenbon. 241-268. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
  • OP, Brian Davies. "Thomas Aquinas". Medieval Philosophy, Routledge History of Philosophy Volume III. ed. John Marenbon. 241-268. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
  • Paul the Deacon. History of the Lombards. trans. William Dudley Foulke. ed. Edward Peters. Philadelphia: Univeristy of Pennsylvania, 2003 [787-796].
  • Paul the Deacon. History of the Lombards. trans. William Dudley Foulke. ed. Edward Peters. Philadelphia: Univeristy of Pennsylvania, 2003 [787-796].
  • Pavlac, Brian A. "Excommunication and Territorial Politics in High Medieval Trier". Church History 60/1 (1991), 20-36.
  • Pavlac, Brian A. "Excommunication and Territorial Politics in High Medieval Trier". Church History 60/1 (1991), 20-36.
  • Perry, M. et al. Western Civilization. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1989.
  • Perry, M. et al. Western Civilization. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1989.
  • Pohl, Walter. "The Vandals: Fragments of a Narrative, Vandals, Romans and Berbers”. ed. A. H. Merrills. 31-48. London and New York: Routledge, 2004.
  • Pohl, Walter. "The Vandals: Fragments of a Narrative, Vandals, Romans and Berbers”. ed. A. H. Merrills. 31-48. London and New York: Routledge, 2004.
  • Poole, Reginald Lane. Illustrations of The History of Medieval Thought and Learning. New York: Macmillan Company, 1920.
  • Poole, Reginald Lane. Illustrations of The History of Medieval Thought and Learning. New York: Macmillan Company, 1920.
  • Price, B. B. Medieval Thought, An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
  • Price, B. B. Medieval Thought, An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
  • Reeve, Rev. Joseph. The History of The Christian Church, From Its Establishment to the Present Century. Dublin: James Duffy, 1844.
  • Reeve, Rev. Joseph. The History of The Christian Church, From Its Establishment to the Present Century. Dublin: James Duffy, 1844.
  • Sharkey, Rev. Neil. Saint Gregory the Great's Concept of Papal Power. Washington: The Catholic University of America, PhD Dissertation, 1950.
  • Sharkey, Rev. Neil. Saint Gregory the Great's Concept of Papal Power. Washington: The Catholic University of America, PhD Dissertation, 1950.
  • Stark, Rodney. "Secularization, R.I.P.", Sociology of Religion 60/3 (1999), 249-273.
  • Stark, Rodney. "Secularization, R.I.P.", Sociology of Religion 60/3 (1999), 249-273.
  • Thomas, Keith. Religion and the decline of magic. New York: Scribner's, 1971.
  • Thomas, Keith. Religion and the decline of magic. New York: Scribner's, 1971.
  • Thompson, Edward A. "The Visigoths from Fritigern to Euric.". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 12/1 (1963), 105-126.
  • Thompson, Edward A. "The Visigoths from Fritigern to Euric.". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 12/1 (1963), 105-126.

Religion as one of the Leading Actors of Medieval Europe (A Critique of Rodney Stark)

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 351 - 368, 30.12.2020

Volkan Ertit

https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.762902

Öz

The Middle Age is described as the Golden Age of Faith in both intellectual discussions and casual conversations. In addition, normative terms due to people’s ideologies or political convictions are also used to define Europe in the Middle Ages. Renaissance scholars in particular used the term "Dark Ages" to describe the period before them. However, this notion began to be questioned towards the end of the 20th century. Some researchers, especially Rodney Stark, argued that in the Middle Ages, religion was not as dominant as suggested. However, this article claims that their Medieval narrative is a caricatured historical narrative and that their claims regarding the Middle Ages are far away from reflecting that period. For the study, a qualitative research approach was adopted and the data obtained through literature review with primary and secondary sources were subjected to a descriptive analysis. The article argues that, contrary to the claims of Stark and other scholars, The Church and religion shaped the daily life of the lay people, influenced important political decisions made by empires, and dominated the thoughts of medieval intelligentsia. For this reason, the article presents the effects of the church and religion on daily life, politics and intellectual culture in this order and emphasizes that Stark's claims do not reflect the Middle Ages.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sociology of Religion Medieval Age The Church Religion Rodney Stark

Kaynakça

  • Abelard, Peter - Heloise. The Love Letters of Abelard and Heloise. trans. Betty Radice. ed. İsrael Gollancz - Honnor Morten. Evinity Publishing 2004 [1901]. Access 13.05.2020. https://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/aah/aah05.htm on.
  • Abelard, Peter - Heloise. The Love Letters of Abelard and Heloise. trans. Betty Radice. ed. İsrael Gollancz - Honnor Morten. Evinity Publishing 2004 [1901]. Access 13.05.2020. https://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/aah/aah05.htm on.
  • Anselm, Monologion. trans. Thomas Williams. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1995.
  • Anselm, Monologion. trans. Thomas Williams. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1995.
  • Aquinas. Summa Theologica. trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Benziger Brothers Edition, 1947. Access 13.05.2020. www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/17611/pg17611-images.html
  • Aquinas. Summa Theologica. trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Benziger Brothers Edition, 1947. Access 13.05.2020. www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/17611/pg17611-images.html
  • Aspell, Patrick J.. Medieval Western Philosophy: The European Emergence. Washington DC: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 1999.
  • Aspell, Patrick J.. Medieval Western Philosophy: The European Emergence. Washington DC: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 1999.
  • Augustine. Against the Academics. trans. John J. O'meara. New York: Newman Press, 1951.
  • Augustine. Against the Academics. trans. John J. O'meara. New York: Newman Press, 1951.
  • Augustine. On Order. trans. Silvano Borruso. South Bend: St. Augustine’s Press, 2007.
  • Augustine. On Order. trans. Silvano Borruso. South Bend: St. Augustine’s Press, 2007.
  • Bishop, Morris. The Pelican Book of the Middle Ages. Norwich: Fletcher & Son, 1983.
  • Bishop, Morris. The Pelican Book of the Middle Ages. Norwich: Fletcher & Son, 1983.
  • Boethius. The Consolation of Philosophy. trans. H.R. James M.A. London: 1897. Access 13.05.2020. www.gutenber.org
  • Boethius. The Consolation of Philosophy. trans. H.R. James M.A. London: 1897. Access 13.05.2020. www.gutenber.org
  • Bruce, Steve. "The Pervasive World-View: Religion in Pre-Modern Britain". The British Journal of Sociology 48/4 (1997), 667-680.
  • Bruce, Steve. "The Pervasive World-View: Religion in Pre-Modern Britain". The British Journal of Sociology 48/4 (1997), 667-680.
  • Christianity Rediscovered. “The Seven Pillars of Wisdom Revealed”. Access 13.05.2020. http://christianity-rediscovered.blogspot.com/2018/01/the-seven-pillars-of-wisdom-revealed.html
  • Christianity Rediscovered. “The Seven Pillars of Wisdom Revealed”. Access 13.05.2020. http://christianity-rediscovered.blogspot.com/2018/01/the-seven-pillars-of-wisdom-revealed.html
  • Copleston, F. C. A History of Medieval Philosophy. London: Methuen & CO, 1972.
  • Copleston, F. C. A History of Medieval Philosophy. London: Methuen & CO, 1972.
  • Curley, Mary Mildred. The Conflict Between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV, The Fair. Washington: The Catholic University of America, PhD dissertation, 1927.
  • Curley, Mary Mildred. The Conflict Between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV, The Fair. Washington: The Catholic University of America, PhD dissertation, 1927.
  • Duffy, Eamon. “The late middle ages: Vitality or decline”. Atlas of the Christian Church. ed. Henry Chadwick & Gillian Rosemary Evans. 86-95. New York: Facts on File, 1987.
  • Duffy, Eamon. “The late middle ages: Vitality or decline”. Atlas of the Christian Church. ed. Henry Chadwick & Gillian Rosemary Evans. 86-95. New York: Facts on File, 1987.
  • Duffy, Eamon. Stripping of the altars. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
  • Duffy, Eamon. Stripping of the altars. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
  • Evans, G. R. Philosophy and Theology in the Middle Ages. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
  • Evans, G. R. Philosophy and Theology in the Middle Ages. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
  • Gilson, Etienne. History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages. London: Sheed and Ward, 1955.
  • Gilson, Etienne. History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages. London: Sheed and Ward, 1955.
  • Greeley, Andrew. Religion as poetry. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1995.
  • Greeley, Andrew. Religion as poetry. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1995.
  • Greenfield, J. C. “The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Prov. 9: 1): A Mistranslation”. The Jewish quarterly review 76/1 (1985), 13-20.
  • Greenfield, J. C. “The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Prov. 9: 1): A Mistranslation”. The Jewish quarterly review 76/1 (1985), 13-20.
  • Hamilton, Bernard. The Christian World of The Middle Ages. Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 2003.
  • Hamilton, Bernard. The Christian World of The Middle Ages. Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 2003.
  • Hodgkin, Thomas. The Barbarian Invasions of The Roman Empire, VII The Frankish Invasion 744-774. London: The Folio Society, 2003.
  • Hodgkin, Thomas. The Barbarian Invasions of The Roman Empire, VII The Frankish Invasion 744-774. London: The Folio Society, 2003.
  • Jordan, William Chester. "Christian Excommunication of the Jews in the Middle Ages: A Restatement of the Issues". Jewish History 1 (1986), 31-38.
  • Jordan, William Chester. "Christian Excommunication of the Jews in the Middle Ages: A Restatement of the Issues". Jewish History 1 (1986), 31-38.
  • Knowledges, David. The Evolution of Medieval Thought. Hong Kong: Longman, 1962.
  • Knowledges, David. The Evolution of Medieval Thought. Hong Kong: Longman, 1962.
  • Koenigsberger, H. G. Medieval Europe 400-1500. Hong Kong: Longman, 1987. Koterski, Joseph W. An Introduction to Medieval Philosophy, Basic Concepts. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
  • Koenigsberger, H. G. Medieval Europe 400-1500. Hong Kong: Longman, 1987. Koterski, Joseph W. An Introduction to Medieval Philosophy, Basic Concepts. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
  • Martin, C.F.J. An Introduction to Medieval Philosophy. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 1996.
  • Martin, C.F.J. An Introduction to Medieval Philosophy. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 1996.
  • Maurer, Armand A. Medieval Philosophy. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1982.
  • Maurer, Armand A. Medieval Philosophy. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1982.
  • McCabe, Joseph. Crises in The History of the Papacy, A Study of Twenty Famous Popes whose Careers and whose Influence Were Important in the Development of the Church and in the History of the World. New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1916.
  • McCabe, Joseph. Crises in The History of the Papacy, A Study of Twenty Famous Popes whose Careers and whose Influence Were Important in the Development of the Church and in the History of the World. New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1916.
  • McGarry, Daniel. Medieval History & Civilization. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1976.
  • McGarry, Daniel. Medieval History & Civilization. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1976.
  • McInerny, Ralph M. A History of Western Philosophy, Philosophy From St. Augustine to Ockham. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1970.
  • McInerny, Ralph M. A History of Western Philosophy, Philosophy From St. Augustine to Ockham. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1970.
  • Mommsen, Theodore E. "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'”. Speculum 17/2 (1942), 226-242.
  • Mommsen, Theodore E. "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'”. Speculum 17/2 (1942), 226-242.
  • Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy, The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  • Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy, The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  • Morris, Colin. “Christian Civilization (1050-1400)”. The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. ed. John McManners. 205-42. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Morris, Colin. “Christian Civilization (1050-1400)”. The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. ed. John McManners. 205-42. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • OP, Brian Davies. "Thomas Aquinas". Medieval Philosophy, Routledge History of Philosophy Volume III. ed. John Marenbon. 241-268. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
  • OP, Brian Davies. "Thomas Aquinas". Medieval Philosophy, Routledge History of Philosophy Volume III. ed. John Marenbon. 241-268. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
  • Paul the Deacon. History of the Lombards. trans. William Dudley Foulke. ed. Edward Peters. Philadelphia: Univeristy of Pennsylvania, 2003 [787-796].
  • Paul the Deacon. History of the Lombards. trans. William Dudley Foulke. ed. Edward Peters. Philadelphia: Univeristy of Pennsylvania, 2003 [787-796].
  • Pavlac, Brian A. "Excommunication and Territorial Politics in High Medieval Trier". Church History 60/1 (1991), 20-36.
  • Pavlac, Brian A. "Excommunication and Territorial Politics in High Medieval Trier". Church History 60/1 (1991), 20-36.
  • Perry, M. et al. Western Civilization. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1989.
  • Perry, M. et al. Western Civilization. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1989.
  • Pohl, Walter. "The Vandals: Fragments of a Narrative, Vandals, Romans and Berbers”. ed. A. H. Merrills. 31-48. London and New York: Routledge, 2004.
  • Pohl, Walter. "The Vandals: Fragments of a Narrative, Vandals, Romans and Berbers”. ed. A. H. Merrills. 31-48. London and New York: Routledge, 2004.
  • Poole, Reginald Lane. Illustrations of The History of Medieval Thought and Learning. New York: Macmillan Company, 1920.
  • Poole, Reginald Lane. Illustrations of The History of Medieval Thought and Learning. New York: Macmillan Company, 1920.
  • Price, B. B. Medieval Thought, An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
  • Price, B. B. Medieval Thought, An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
  • Reeve, Rev. Joseph. The History of The Christian Church, From Its Establishment to the Present Century. Dublin: James Duffy, 1844.
  • Reeve, Rev. Joseph. The History of The Christian Church, From Its Establishment to the Present Century. Dublin: James Duffy, 1844.
  • Sharkey, Rev. Neil. Saint Gregory the Great's Concept of Papal Power. Washington: The Catholic University of America, PhD Dissertation, 1950.
  • Sharkey, Rev. Neil. Saint Gregory the Great's Concept of Papal Power. Washington: The Catholic University of America, PhD Dissertation, 1950.
  • Stark, Rodney. "Secularization, R.I.P.", Sociology of Religion 60/3 (1999), 249-273.
  • Stark, Rodney. "Secularization, R.I.P.", Sociology of Religion 60/3 (1999), 249-273.
  • Thomas, Keith. Religion and the decline of magic. New York: Scribner's, 1971.
  • Thomas, Keith. Religion and the decline of magic. New York: Scribner's, 1971.
  • Thompson, Edward A. "The Visigoths from Fritigern to Euric.". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 12/1 (1963), 105-126.
  • Thompson, Edward A. "The Visigoths from Fritigern to Euric.". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 12/1 (1963), 105-126.
Toplam 86 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Volkan Ertit 0000-0002-6114-2606

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 7 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Ertit, Volkan. “Religion As One of the Leading Actors of Medieval Europe (A Critique of Rodney Stark)”. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 20/2 (Aralık 2020), 351-368. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.762902.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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