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Does the Expression “The Male is not as the Female” in the Qur'an Hinder Gender Equality?
Abstract
In the Qur'an, there are basic principles and limited regulations that will build social life in terms of administration, and it is left to Muslims to establish and manage a society on them. In the family structure, which was one of the social institutions that were quite problematic during the descent period of the society, detailed issues regulating male-female relations were included. In these regulations, the principle of social justice, not equality, draws attention. In the Qur'an, arrangements have been made to improve the situation of women and prevent injustices on a social structure that is not suitable for equal practices in the balance of rights-responsibility. In this sense, reforms were made in a way to ensure justice, not radical changes which were difficult to become reality; rights, responsibilities and limits have been determined; on the other hand, the way for women to gain a better place in society was paved by making statements that transform negative perceptions about the value of women.
The situation regarding the rights and responsibilities of men and women in the Qur’an is declared as evidence within the framework of the approaches that the discourse of gender equality in our age is against Islam and although Islam sees the two sexes as equal as servants of Allah and human beings, it does not make them equal in some legal matters due to their differences. These claims are also supported by some verse and hadith narrations, such as the verse in which the statement that a male is not like a female. In this context, it is tried to put forward the idea that men and women cannot be equal in family and social life stems not only from cultural dynamics but also from creation. Thus, even though it cannot be prevented in practice, the doors are closed on the intellectual level to the new situations within the scope of the understanding of justice required by the age and the principle of equality brought by it.
Today, when considering the approaches to the verses used as evidence that gender equality is impossible, mistakes can be seen such as neglecting the purpose of the verses in the context of the text and extra-textual context or neglecting the different views in the commentaries about the verse; generalizing the situations that are understood to be specific to words or drawing legal conclusions from an issue that will not be subject to a judgment and evaluating the mentality of equality in our age by comparing it to cultural situations, not the general principles of Islam. In this study, which was carried out to reveal this situation, it was determined and evaluated how the expression "The male is not as the female" in Āl-i ʿİmrān verse 36 has been interpreted in the context of gender inequality from history to the present, which conclusions are drawn and can be drawn from them. Thus, an answer has been sought to the question of whether the related expression is an obstacle to justice and to the meaning of gender equality.
According to the results reached in the study, the interpretations of the expression "The male is not as the female" are mostly shaped around the comparison of the two genders, not absolute but relative. In this comparison, based on the context of the verse, there are some who think that the virtue of the man in religious service compared to the girl is mentioned, and there are also those who think that the Virgin Mary, a girl devoted to religious service, is honored compared to the man that society attaches importance to. Even so, the verse is drawn to the field of law by some, and it is interpreted in the context that man is virtuous, except in areas where he is equal to woman as a human being and as a servant of God, and he cannot be equal to women in social life due to the superiority in his creation and the responsibilities he has assumed in accordance with this superiority. However, the expression in the verse should not be made the subject or basis of a decree as it is about a subject related to the previous shari'ahs and as it is mostly interpreted in a way that shows the conception of the mother who gave birth to Mary in line with the customs in her society if it means that the man is superior and in this case it expresses the inequality in religious service, not in a general sense. For these reasons, the expression in the verse does not prevent to gender equality discourse in our age, which aims to ensure that women and men have equal rights, freedoms and opportunities in the social arena, as it does not prevent to social gender equality discourse, which aims to remove cultural barriers to gender equality. As a matter of fact, legal equality does not mean that everyone is the same, but that they have the same mind, ability and interest and in this respect, it is within the scope of justice, it is an instrument of it. Justice can be provided by distributive justice according to time and place, as well as by equality according to place.
The situation regarding the rights and responsibilities of men and women in the Qur’an is declared as evidence within the framework of the approaches that the discourse of gender equality in our age is against Islam and although Islam sees the two sexes as equal as servants of Allah and human beings, it does not make them equal in some legal matters due to their differences. These claims are also supported by some verse and hadith narrations, such as the verse in which the statement that a male is not like a female. In this context, it is tried to put forward the idea that men and women cannot be equal in family and social life stems not only from cultural dynamics but also from creation. Thus, even though it cannot be prevented in practice, the doors are closed on the intellectual level to the new situations within the scope of the understanding of justice required by the age and the principle of equality brought by it.
Today, when considering the approaches to the verses used as evidence that gender equality is impossible, mistakes can be seen such as neglecting the purpose of the verses in the context of the text and extra-textual context or neglecting the different views in the commentaries about the verse; generalizing the situations that are understood to be specific to words or drawing legal conclusions from an issue that will not be subject to a judgment and evaluating the mentality of equality in our age by comparing it to cultural situations, not the general principles of Islam. In this study, which was carried out to reveal this situation, it was determined and evaluated how the expression "The male is not as the female" in Āl-i ʿİmrān verse 36 has been interpreted in the context of gender inequality from history to the present, which conclusions are drawn and can be drawn from them. Thus, an answer has been sought to the question of whether the related expression is an obstacle to justice and to the meaning of gender equality.
According to the results reached in the study, the interpretations of the expression "The male is not as the female" are mostly shaped around the comparison of the two genders, not absolute but relative. In this comparison, based on the context of the verse, there are some who think that the virtue of the man in religious service compared to the girl is mentioned, and there are also those who think that the Virgin Mary, a girl devoted to religious service, is honored compared to the man that society attaches importance to. Even so, the verse is drawn to the field of law by some, and it is interpreted in the context that man is virtuous, except in areas where he is equal to woman as a human being and as a servant of God, and he cannot be equal to women in social life due to the superiority in his creation and the responsibilities he has assumed in accordance with this superiority. However, the expression in the verse should not be made the subject or basis of a decree as it is about a subject related to the previous shari'ahs and as it is mostly interpreted in a way that shows the conception of the mother who gave birth to Mary in line with the customs in her society if it means that the man is superior and in this case it expresses the inequality in religious service, not in a general sense. For these reasons, the expression in the verse does not prevent to gender equality discourse in our age, which aims to ensure that women and men have equal rights, freedoms and opportunities in the social arena, as it does not prevent to social gender equality discourse, which aims to remove cultural barriers to gender equality. As a matter of fact, legal equality does not mean that everyone is the same, but that they have the same mind, ability and interest and in this respect, it is within the scope of justice, it is an instrument of it. Justice can be provided by distributive justice according to time and place, as well as by equality according to place.
Keywords
Destekleyen Kurum
Yok
Proje Numarası
Yok
Teşekkür
Yok
Kaynakça
- ’Afâne, Ḥüsâmeddîn. “Kitâbü’l-Fetâvâ”. Erişim 21 Mart 2022. https://al-maktaba.org/book/10517
- “Âl-i İmrân Suresi 36. Ayet”. Erişim 02 Mart 2022. https://www.kuranmeali.com/AyetKarsilastirma.php?sure=3&ayet=36
- Alkan, Ayten. Toplumsal Cinsiyet - Anaakımlaştırma . Ankara: Berk Matbaacılık, 2015.
- Âlûsî, Şehâbeddîn Maḥmûd. Rûḥu’l-meʿânî fî tefsîri’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm ve’s-sebʿi’l-mes̱ânî . thk. ’Ali ’Abdülbârî ’Atıyye. 16 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-ʿİlmiyye, 1415.
- Âlü’ş-Şeyh, Muḥammed b. İbrâhîm. Fetâvâ ve resâil . thk. Muḥammed b. ’Abdirrahmân b. Ḳâsım. 13 Cilt. Mekke: Matbaʿatü’l-Ḥükûme bi Mekkete’l-Mükerreme, 1399.
- Apak, Adem. “Şuûbiyye Hareketinin Tarih Arka Planı ve Tezâhürleri: Asabiyyeden Şuûbiyyeye”. İSTEM 12 (01 Aralık 2008), 17-51.
- ʿAskerî, Ebû Hilâl. el-Furûḳu’l-luġaviyye . thk. Muḥammed İbrāhīm Selīm. Kahire: Dāru’l-ʿİlm ve’s̠-S̠eḳāfe li’n-Neşr ve’t-Tevzî’, ts.
- ’Avnî, Ḥâmid. el-Minhâcü’l-vâḍih li’l-belâġa . 5 Cilt. Mısır: el-Mektebetü’l-Ezheriyye li’t-Türâs, ts.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
Türkçe
Konular
Din, Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Yayımlanma Tarihi
30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi
30 Mart 2022
Kabul Tarihi
4 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 1970 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2