Araştırma Makalesi

An Exegete in the Shadow of Criticism: Sayyid Qutb in the Context of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qur’ān

Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2 30 Aralık 2025
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An Exegete in the Shadow of Criticism: Sayyid Qutb in the Context of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qur’ān

Abstract

Sayyid Qutb is one of the names whose ideas and works have been widely studied both in the Islamic world and in the Western world. In addition to being a thinker and writer, he is also an activist. He emphasised that Islam and the Qurʼān are not only about faith, morality and worship, but also about movement and action, and argued that the messages of the Qurʼān should be understood within this framework. Although Sayyid Qutb was both a literary figure and a sociologist, he made his greatest impact through his religious works, and these works have sparked major debates. His adventure of thought and writing, which started in the fields of literature and sociology, later culminated in Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʼān, one of the most influential works in the field of Qurʼān and tafsīr. Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʼān can be seen as a text that reflects Sayyid Qutb’s thoughts and practical experiences on how the Qurʼān can be understood. In this respect, Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʼān, which stands out as a new interpretation of the Qurʼān, has left its mark on many people and has been the most popular among the tafsīrs written in the twentieth century. This tafsīr, which has been claimed by Western scholars to harbour ‘fundamentalist’ tendencies, has attracted extraordinary interest in much of the Islamic world since the 1960s. Sayyid Qutb did not aim to seek innovations in this commentary in which literary approaches were emphasized and modern interpretations were exhibited. The main aim of Sayyid Qutb’s method in his exegesis of Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʼān is to construct a new and ideal model of man, life, society and humanity based on the Qurʼān itself. He always prioritises this goal when interpreting the verses. It is not possible to claim that the influence of Sayyid Qutb, who had a multifaceted impact on many people, was entirely positive. He was criticised as much as he was appreciated for his ideas, life and works. Some of Qutb’s views and Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʼān, which contains some of these views, have been subjected to criticism from various angles. One of them is the general division of societies into ‘Islamic society’ and ‘jāhiliyya society’ in his commentary. According to him, Islamic society is the society that implements the social order that Allah wants people to fulfil within the framework of the belief in tawḥīd. Jāhiliyya society, on the other hand, refers to the human order that positions all its systems independently of the divine. Another view that has been criticised in the context of his commentary and some of his works is that he made some statements that inspired violent movements. His claim that a true ummah does not exist today and his characterisation of the current situation as jāhiliyya opened the door to takfīr, and later this claim became an important argument on which takfīrist movements relied. Therefore, Sayyid Qutbʼs influence on violent organisations has been widely debated in the literature, and this has sometimes prevented an accurate assessment of his Qurʼānic interpretations. This study aims to resolve this tension and analyze Qutb’s approaches, which benefited not only Muslims but the world at large. As a scholarly intellectual who taught at the university and a contemporary commentator of the Qurʼān who received wide acclaim in the Islamic world, it is essential to examine his interpretation, influences, contributions to contemporary Muslim thought, and what kind of criticism was directed at him. Focusing on Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʼān, this article analyzes his thoughts with reference to related literature, and it presents an objection to the literature on pro-violent Islamism triggered by Qutb, along with a critical attitude towards Qutb’s approaches. Qualitative research, clarifying the main motives of human behaviour, is used throughout the study. Employing an analytical framework, the study concludes that Qutb’s tafsīr opens new horizons for contemporary intellectual life that warrant serious scholarly attention. On the other hand, this work illuminates Qutb’s scholarly output and aids in achieving a more comprehensive understanding of his Qur'ānic interpretation.

Keywords

Kaynakça

  1. Aras, Esra. The Question of the West in the Ideology of Revivalism: Perspectives from Mawlana Abu’l-A`la Mawdudi, Sayyid Qutb and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Ankara: Middle East Technical University, International Relations, Master Thesis, 2008.
  2. Atalan, Şeyda Büşra. İslamcılıkta Kırılma Noktaları: Hasan el-Benna ve Seyyid Kutub. Çorum: Hitit Üniversitesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Master Thesis, 2018.
  3. Atalar, M. Kürşad. “Seyyid Kutub’un ’Çağdaş Müslüman Düşünce’ye Katkısı”. Muhafazakâr Düşünce Dergisi 48 (2016), 167-182.
  4. Baycar, Abdülmuttalip - Acar, Muhammet Ali. “Seyyid Kutub’un Düşünce Sisteminde İdeal Toplum ve Cihad”. İhya Uluslararası İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 5/2 (2019), 474-487.
  5. Calvert, John. Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  6. Carrel, Alexis. Man, the Unknown. London: Wilco Publishing House, 1959.
  7. Duvall, Nadia. Islamist Occidentalism: Sayyid Qutb and the Western Other. Germany: Gerlach Press, 2019.
  8. Esposito, John L. Islamic Threat Myth or Reality? New York: Oxford University Press, 2. Basım, 1995.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Tefsir

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Aralık 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

26 Temmuz 2025

Kabul Tarihi

10 Aralık 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Kayacan, M., & Şen, E. (2025). An Exegete in the Shadow of Criticism: Sayyid Qutb in the Context of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qur’ān. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25(2), 279-298. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1751793
AMA
1.Kayacan M, Şen E. An Exegete in the Shadow of Criticism: Sayyid Qutb in the Context of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qur’ān. Marife. 2025;25(2):279-298. doi:10.33420/marife.1751793
Chicago
Kayacan, Murat, ve Ercan Şen. 2025. “An Exegete in the Shadow of Criticism: Sayyid Qutb in the Context of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qur’ān”. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 25 (2): 279-98. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1751793.
EndNote
Kayacan M, Şen E (01 Aralık 2025) An Exegete in the Shadow of Criticism: Sayyid Qutb in the Context of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qur’ān. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 25 2 279–298.
IEEE
[1]M. Kayacan ve E. Şen, “An Exegete in the Shadow of Criticism: Sayyid Qutb in the Context of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qur’ān”, Marife, c. 25, sy 2, ss. 279–298, Ara. 2025, doi: 10.33420/marife.1751793.
ISNAD
Kayacan, Murat - Şen, Ercan. “An Exegete in the Shadow of Criticism: Sayyid Qutb in the Context of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qur’ān”. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 25/2 (01 Aralık 2025): 279-298. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1751793.
JAMA
1.Kayacan M, Şen E. An Exegete in the Shadow of Criticism: Sayyid Qutb in the Context of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qur’ān. Marife. 2025;25:279–298.
MLA
Kayacan, Murat, ve Ercan Şen. “An Exegete in the Shadow of Criticism: Sayyid Qutb in the Context of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qur’ān”. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 25, sy 2, Aralık 2025, ss. 279-98, doi:10.33420/marife.1751793.
Vancouver
1.Murat Kayacan, Ercan Şen. An Exegete in the Shadow of Criticism: Sayyid Qutb in the Context of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qur’ān. Marife. 01 Aralık 2025;25(2):279-98. doi:10.33420/marife.1751793